<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1799</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TRO-1799</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of increased intestinal permeability markers in developing urinary tract infection in children of the first three years of life</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль маркеров повышенной проницаемости кишечника в развитии инфекции мочевыводящих путей у детей первых трех лет жизни</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-3471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>Елена Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, ассистент института педиатрии</p></bio><email>sergeeva.elenav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6926-3341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nee</surname><given-names>Antonina</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ни</surname><given-names>Антонина</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Institute of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор института педиатрии</p></bio><email>neeant56@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-8483</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumatova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуматова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Director of the Institute of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, директор института педиатрии</p></bio><email>shumatov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2413-4022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykova</surname><given-names>O. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быкова</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Institute of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент института педиатрии</p></bio><email>lis822007@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-2572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prikhodchenko</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приходченко</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Institute of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент института педиатрии</p></bio><email>prikhodchenko_n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-5819</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zernova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зернова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Institute of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ассистент института педиатрии</p></bio><email>kate-zernova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pacific State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>346</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-14"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Sergeeva E.V., Nee A., Shumatova T.A., Bykova O.G., Prikhodchenko N.G., Zernova E.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Сергеева Е.В., Ни А., Шуматова Т.А., Быкова О.Г., Приходченко Н.Г., Зернова Е.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sergeeva E.V., Nee A., Shumatova T.A., Bykova O.G., Prikhodchenko N.G., Zernova E.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сергеева Е.В., Ни А., Шуматова Т.А., Быкова О.Г., Приходченко Н.Г., Зернова Е.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1799">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1799</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the urgent problems in pediatric nephrology and pediatrics. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of pathogenetic mechanisms and development of new diagnostic measures in patients with urinary tract infection, many questions on pathogenesis have not yet been clearly elucidated. Considering that non-specific symptoms prevailing in the disease clinical picture in children of the first three years of life, it is necessary to search for reliable, early, non-invasive methods for diagnosing urinary tract infections. Purpose of the study is to determine diagnostic and pathogenetic significance of proteins that bind fatty acids as well as zonulin in diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children of the first three years of life. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> There were examined 120 children, aged from 29 days of life to 2 years 11 months and 29 days inclusive with urinary tract infection. Control group — 30 healthy children. All children were tested for serum level of proteins that bind fatty acids L-FABP and I-FABP, and the level of I-FABP, L-FABP and zonulin was measured in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. <italic>Results.</italic> In the blood serum of children with urinary tract infection, the levels of L-FABP and I-FABP were significantly increased compared with those in children of the control group (L-FABP — 753.94±26.16 ng/ml vs. 148.7±19.6 ng/ml, I-FABP — 92.97±1.41 ng/ml vs. 18.03±3.03 ng/ml, respectively, p &lt; 0.001). Fractions of urine proteins L-FABP and I- FABP in sick vs. healthy children were also determined at a higher level (6.96±0.19 ng/ml and 1.01±0.25 ng/ml vs. 0.37±0.01 ng/ml and 0.1±0.02 ng/ml, respectively, at p &lt; 0.001). The level of urine zonulin was increased (2.84±0.12 ng/ml) in sick vs. healthy children (0.17±0.04, p &lt; 0.05). <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The study allowed to identify early markers of kidney and urinary tract damage (L-FABP, I-FABP, ZO) involved in developing inflammatory bacterial process, whereas measuring urine I-FABP, L-FABP, zonulin level can be used for non-invasive UTI diagnostics in infants and young children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Инфекция мочевыводящих путей (ИМВП) относится к числу актуальных проблем детской нефрологии и педиатрии. Несмотря на многочисленные работы, посвященные изучению патогенетических механизмов и разработке новых диагностических мероприятий у пациентов с инфекцией мочевыводящих путей, многие вопросы патогенеза до сих пор не получили четкой интерпретации. Учитывая, что у детей первых трех лет жизни в клинической картине заболевания преобладают неспецифические симптомы, актуален поиск достоверных, ранних, неинвазивных способов диагностики инфекции мочевыводящих путей. Цель исследования — определить диагностическую и патогенетическую значимость протеинов, связывающих жирные кислоты, и белка зонулина в диагностике инфекции мочевыводящих путей у детей грудного и раннего возраста. <italic>Материалы и методы</italic>. Обследовано 120 детей в возрасте с 29 дня жизни и до 2 лет 11 месяцев и 29 дней включительно с инфекцией мочевыводящих путей. Группа контроля — 30 здоровых детей. Всем детям в сыворотке крови определяли уровень белков, связывающих жирные кислоты L-FABP и I-FABP, в моче определяли уровень I-FABP, L-FABP и зонулина методом энзимсвязанного иммуносорбентного анализа. <italic>Результаты</italic>. В сыворотке крови детей с инфекцией мочевыводящих путей были значительно повышены уровни L-FABP и I-FABP в сравнении с их значениями у детей контрольной группы (L-FABP — 753,94±26,16 и 148,7±19,6 нг/мл, I-FABP — 92,97±1,41 и 18,03±3,03 нг/мл соответственно, р &lt; 0,001). Фракции протеинов L-FABP и I-FABP в моче у больных детей также определялись на более высоком уровне, чем у здоровых (6,96±0,19 и 1,01±0,25 нг/мл и 0,37±0,01 и 0,1±0,02 нг/мл соответственно при р &lt; 0,001). Содержание зонулина в моче было повышено (2,84±0,12 нг/мл) у больных детей по сравнению со здоровыми (0,17±0,04 нг/мл при р &lt; 0,001). <italic>Заключение</italic>. Проведенное исследование позволило выделить ранние маркеры повреждения почек и мочевых путей (L-FABP, I-FABP, ZO), участвующие в развитии воспалительного бактериального процесса, а определение I-FABP, L-FABP, зонулина в моче может быть использовано для неинвазивной диагностики ИМВП у детей грудного и раннего возраста.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urinary tract infection</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>infants and young children</kwd><kwd>fatty acid binding proteins (L-FABP</kwd><kwd>I-FABP)</kwd><kwd>zonulin</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекция мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>дети грудного и раннего возраста</kwd><kwd>белки</kwd><kwd>связывающие жирные кислоты (L-FABP</kwd><kwd>I-FABP)</kwd><kwd>зонулин</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Воробьева Н.М., Ткачева О.Н. Повышенная проницаемость кишечной стенки и ее роль в возникновении сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний // Фарматека. 2020. № 3. С. 122–128. [Vorobieva N.M., Tkacheva O.N. Increased intestinal permeability and its role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Farmateka = Pharmateca, 2020, no. 3, рр. 122–128. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.18565/pharmateca.2020.3.122-128</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Григорьев С.Г., Лобзин Ю.В., Скрипченко Н.В. Роль и место логистической регрессии и roc-анализа в решении медицинских диагностических задач // Журнал инфектологии. 2016. Т 8, № 4. С. 36–45. [Grigoryev S.G., Lobzin Yu.V., Skripchenko N.V. Тhe role and place of logistic regression and roc analysis in solving medical diagnostic task. Zhurnal infektologii = Journal Infectology, 2016, vol. 8, no. 4, рр. 36–45. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.22625/2072-6732-2016-8-4-36-45</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Громова Г.Г., Верижникова Л.Н., Бурмасова А.В., Шувалова О.И. Инфекция мочевой системы у детей и подростков // Вестник СурГУ. Медицина. 2018. № 4. С. 8–12. [Gromova G.G., Verizhnikova L.N., Burmasova A.V., Shuvalova O.I. Urinary tract infectionin children and adolescents. Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina = Herald of the Surgut State University. Medicine, 2018, no. 4, pp. 8–12. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Карпеева Ю.С., Новикова В.П., Хавкин А.И., Ковтун Т.А., Макаркин Д.В., Федотова О.Б. Микробиота и болезни человека: возможности диетической коррекции // Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2020. Т. 65, № 5. С. 116–125. [Karpeeva Yu.S., Novikova V.P., Khavkin A.I., Kovtun T.A., Makarkin D.V., Fedotova O.B. Microbiota and human diseases: dietary correction. Rossiyskiy vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii = Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 2020, vol. 65, no. 5, рр. 116–125. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-5-116-125</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ни А., Сергеева Е.В., Шуматова Т.А., Приходченко Н.Г., Зернова Е.С., Григорян Л.А., Катенкова Э.Ю., Шишацкая С.Н. Возможности использования маркера L-FABP в диагностике повреждения почек // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2018. № 4. [Nee A., Sergeeva E.V., Shumatova T.A., Prikhodchenko N.G., Zernova E.S., Grigoryan L.A., Katenkova E.Y., Shishackaya S.N. The use of the L-FABP marker in the diagnosis of kidney damage. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya = Modern Problems of Science and Education, 2018, no. 4. (In Russ.)] URL: http://www.science – education.ru/ru/article/view?id=27874</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Приходченко Н.Г., Шуматова Т.А., Григорян Л.А., Гордеец А.В. Плотные межклеточные контакты и зонулин в формировании оральной толерантности и пищевой аллергии // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2019. № 4. С. 5–9. [Prikhodchenko N.G., Shumatova T.A., Grigoryan L.A., Gordeets A.V. Tight joints and zonulin in the formation of oral tolerance and food allergy. Tihookeanskiy medicinskiy zhurnal = Pacific Medical Journal, 2019, no. 4, рр. 5–9. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.34215/1609-1175-2019-4-5-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Al Khodor S., Shatat I.F. Gut microbiome and kidney disease: a bidirectional relationship. Pediatr. Nephrol., 2017, no. 32, pp. 921–931. doi: 10.1007/s00467-016-3392-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Benzer M., Tekin Neijmann S., Gültekin N.D., Tekin А.U. Urinary L-FABP as a marker of vesicoureteral reflux in children: could it also have a protective effect on the kidney? Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2017, no. 49, рр. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s11255-016-1389-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bien J., Sokolova О., Bozko Р. Role of uropathogenic escherichia coli virulence factors in development of urinary tract infection and kidney damage. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2012, vol. 2012: 681473. doi: 10.1155/2012/681473</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Coufal S., Kokesova A., Tlaskalova-Hogenova H., Frybova B., Snajdauf J., Rygl M., Kverka M. Urinary I-FABP, L-FABP, TFF-3, and SAA can diagnose and predict the disease course in necrotizing enterocolitis at the early stage of disease. J. Immunol. Res., 2020: 3074313. doi: 10.1155/2020/3074313</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kaufman J., Temple-Smith M., Sanci L. Urinary tract infections in children: an overview of diagnosis and management. BMJ Paediatr. Open, 2019, vol. 3, no. 1: e000487. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000487</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J.R., Muthukumar T., Dadhania D., Toussaint N.C., Ling L., Pamer E., Suthanthiran M. Gut microbial community structure and complications after kidney transplantation: a pilot study. Transplantation, 2014, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 697–705. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000370</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Paalanne N., Husso A., Salo J., Pievilainen O., Tejesvi M.V., Koivusaari P., Pirttila A.M., Pokka T., Mattila S., Jyrkas J., Turpeinen A., Uhari M., Renko M., Tapiainen T. Intestinal microbiome as a risk factor for urinary tract infections in children. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2018, no. 37, pp. 1881–1891. doi: 10.1007/s10096-018-3322-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pelsers M.M., Namiot Z., Kisielewski W., Namiot A., Januszkiewicz M., Hermens W.T., Glatz J.F. Intestinal-type and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in the intestine. Tissue distribution and clinical utility. Clin. Biochem., 2003, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 529–535. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00096-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Rafiei A., Abedi Arzefuni F., Mohammadjafari H., Yazdani-Charati J. The Urinary level of liver-type fatty acid binding protein in children with febrile UTI. IJKD, 2020, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 191–197.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Ramezani A., Massy Z.A., Meijers B., Evenepoel P., Vanholder R., Raj D.S. Role of the gut microbiome in uremia: a potential therapeutic target. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2016, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 483–498. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Ramos-Benítez M.J., Ruiz-Jiménez С., Aguayo V., Espino А.М. Recombinant Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein suppresses Toll-like receptor stimulation in response to multiple bacterial ligands. Sci. Rep., 2017, vol. 7, no. 1: 5455. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05735-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Sturgeon C., Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers, 2016, vol. 4, no. 4: e1251384. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai I.T., Wu C.C., Hung W.C., Lee T.L., Hsuan C.F., Wei C.T., Lu Y.C., Yu T.H., Chung F.M., Lee Y.J., Wang C.P. FABP1 and FABP2 as markers of diabetic nephropathy. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2020, vol. 17, no. 15, рр. 2338–2345. doi: 10.7150 / ijms.49078</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ulluwishewa D., Anderson R.C., McNabb W.C., Moughan P.J., Wells J.M., Roy N.C. Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. J. Nutr., 2011, vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 769–776. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.135657</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Yamanouchi S., Kimata T., Kino J., Kitao Т., Suruda С., Tsuji S., Kurosawa Н., Hirayama Y., Saito А., Kaneko К. Urinary C-megalin for screening of renal scarring in children after febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr. Res., 2018, vol. 83, рр. 662–668. doi: 10.1038/pr.2017.276</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Yu J., Shen Y., Zhou N. Advances in the role and mechanism of zonulin pathway in kidney diseases. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2021, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 2081–2088. doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02756-9</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
