Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI1798910.15789/2220-7619-MUA-17989ORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleMethamphetamine use and HSV-1 coinfection synergistically alter IFNα, IFNγ, and IL-29 expression in gingival crevicular fluid: implications for gingivitis pathogenesisУпотребление метамфетамина и коинфекция вирусом простого герпеса 1 синергетически изменяют экспрессию IFNα, IFNγ и IL-29 в десневой жидкости: значение для патогенеза гингивитаAlsattarN. A.АльсаттарН. А.
Iraq

MSc in Oral Microbiology/Oral Immunology, Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry

магистр наук в области оральной микробиологии/оральной иммунологии, преподаватель кафедры фундаментальных наук, Стоматологический колледж

ghada_ibraheem@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iqTahaGhada I.ТахаГада Ибрагим
Iraq

PhD, Microbiology/Clinical Immunology, Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry

PhD в области микробиологии/клинической иммунологии, доцент кафедры фундаментальных наук, Стоматологический колледж

ghada_ibraheem@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iqUniversity of BaghdadБагдадский университет0810202524122025156114311511508202505102025Copyright ©; 2025, Alsattar N.A., Taha G.I.Copyright ©; 2025, Альсаттар Н.А., Таха Г.И.2025Alsattar N.A., Taha G.I.Альсаттар Н.А., Таха Г.И.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17989

Background. Methamphetamine use compromises both innate and adaptive immune responses, substantially reducing the body’s ability to combat pathogens and preserve mucosal integrity. This immunosuppression heightens susceptibility to opportunistic infections such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), promotes viral reactivation, disrupts the balance and diversity of the oral microbiota, and accelerates inflammatory processes within oral tissues. As a result, it exacerbates a wide range of oral health problems, including gingivitis, periodontal disease, dental caries, oral mucosal lesions, and delayed wound healing within the oral cavity. The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of interferon-alpha (IFNα), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-29 (IL-29) in methamphetamine users with or without HSV-1 infection, and to examine their association with the development of gingivitis. Materials and methods. This case-control study included 88 male participants aged 20–35 years, categorized into four groups: healthy controls, methamphetamine users, methamphetamine users with HSV-1 infection, and patients with gingivitis. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from all participants, and the concentrations of IFNα, IFNγ, and IL-29 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. IFNα and IFNγ levels were highest in the healthy control group and were significantly reduced in the methamphetamine, methamphetamine with HSV-1, and gingivitis groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, IL-29 levels were significantly elevated in gingivitis patients compared to all other groups. Furthermore, methamphetamine users with HSV-1 infection exhibited markedly higher IL-29 concentrations than methamphetamine users without HSV-1 infection. Conclusion. Methamphetamine use and HSV-1 infection significantly impair immune cytokine responses, reflected by marked reductions in IFNα and IFNγ levels, alongside elevated IL-29. The pronounced increase in IL-29 was most evident in gingivitis patients, suggesting a potential role for this cytokine in amplifying local inflammatory processes and contributing to periodontal tissue breakdown.

Введение. Употребление метамфетамина подавляет как врожденный, так и адаптивный иммунный ответ, существенно снижая способность организма бороться с патогенами и сохранять целостность слизистых оболочек. Такая иммуносупрессия повышает восприимчивость к оппортунистическим инфекциям, таким как вызванной вирусом простого герпеса 1-го типа (ВПГ-1), способствует его реактивации, нарушает баланс и разнообразие микробиоты полости рта и ускоряет воспалительные процессы в тканях полости рта. В результате усугубляется течение широкого спектра заболеваний полости рта, включая гингивит, пародонтит, кариес зубов, поражения слизистой оболочки полости рта и замедляет заживление ран в полости рта. Целью исследования было изучение уровней интерферона-альфа (IFNα), интерферона-гамма (IFNγ) и интерлейкина-29 (IL-29) у лиц, употребляющих метамфетамин, при инфекции, вызванной вирусом простого герпеса 1 типа (ВПГ-1) или без нее, а также изучить их связь с развитием гингивита. Материалы и методы. В исследовании случай-контроль приняли участие 88 мужчин в возрасте от 20 до 35 лет, разделенных на четыре группы: здоровая контрольная группа, лица, употребляющие метамфетамин, с инфекцией ВПГ-1 и пациенты с гингивитом. У всех участников были собраны образцы зубодесневой жидкости (ЗДЖ) для определения концентрации IFNα, IFNγ и IL-29 с помощью иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА). Результаты. Уровни IFNα и IFNγ были самыми высокими в группе здоровых людей и значительно снижены в группах лица, употребляющих метамфетамин, с ВПГ-1 и пациентов с гингивитом (p < 0,05). Напротив, уровни IL-29 были значительно повышены у пациентов с гингивитом по сравнению со всеми другими группами. Более того, у лиц, употребляющих метамфетамин, с инфекцией ВПГ-1 наблюдалась значительно более высокая концентрация IL-29, чем у лиц, употребляющих метамфетамин, без инфекции ВПГ-1. Заключение. Употребление метамфетамина и инфекция ВПГ-1 достоверно ухудшают иммунный цитокиновый ответ, что отражается в выраженном снижении уровня IFNα и IFNγ на фоне повышения уровня IL-29. Выраженное повышение уровня IL-29 было наиболее представлено у пациентов с гингивитом, что указывает на потенциальную роль указанного цитокина в усилении местных воспалительных процессов и содействии разрушению тканей пародонта.

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