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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17985</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-PSA-17985</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Plasmid curing and antibiotic resistance reversal in multidrug-resistant <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> using silver nanoparticles and SDS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Плазмидная элиминация и устранение устойчивости к антибиотикам у полирезистентных <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> с использованием наночастиц серебра и додецилсульфата натрия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mohammed</surname><given-names>Dunya Abdullah</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мохаммед</surname><given-names>Дунья Абдулла</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc, Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, младший преподаватель</p></bio><email>dunya.a.206@nahrainuniv.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6884-9398</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mahmoud</surname><given-names>Omar Abdalwahab</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махмуд</surname><given-names>Омар Абдалвахаб</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc, Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, младший преподаватель</p></bio><email>omar.abd206@nahrainuniv.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1356-2304</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abed</surname><given-names>Farah Badri</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абед</surname><given-names>Фарах Бадри</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc, Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, младший преподаватель</p></bio><email>farah.badri94@nahrainuniv.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-3985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hadi</surname><given-names>Ibrahim Ramzi</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хади</surname><given-names>Ибрагим Рамзи</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc, Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук, младший преподаватель</p></bio><email>Ibr47im@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Higher Institute of Forensic Sciences, Al-Nahrain University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Высший институт криминалистики, Университет Аль-Нахрейн</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Mohammed D.A., Mahmoud O.A., Abed F.B., Hadi I.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Мохаммед Д.А., Махмуд О.А., Абед Ф.Б., Хади И.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mohammed D.A., Mahmoud O.A., Abed F.B., Hadi I.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мохаммед Д.А., Махмуд О.А., Абед Ф.Б., Хади И.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17985">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17985</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The gram-negative bacterium known as Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent types of bacteria that are responsible for opportunistic infections, especially in clinical settings. As a result of the proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <italic>E. coli</italic> bacteria, which represent a substantial risk to public health, many traditional antibiotics are no longer effective against them. On account of this growing resistance, there is an immediate and pressing need to investigate alternate treatment approaches. This study aimed to characterize plasmid profiles associated with antibiotic resistance in <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates from clinical specimens and evaluate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in plasmid curing and reversing antibiotic resistance.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Multidrug resistance was assessed using the agar disk diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zones around antibiotic-impregnated disks. Plasmids were extracted and analyzed via agarose gel electrophoresis to identify resistance-associated genetic elements. Plasmid curing was performed using 10% SDS, AgNPs, and a combination of both agents. Antibiotic susceptibility was retested post-curing to assess any changes in resistance.</p> <p>Results. Among the tested <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates, 75% showed resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol. Plasmid profiling confirmed the presence of resistance-carrying plasmids in these strains. Following plasmid curing, previously resistant isolates demonstrated restored sensitivity to the antibiotics, confirming the plasmid-mediated nature of resistance. Isolates lacking plasmid bands remained sensitive throughout. Notably, AgNPs alone showed significant antibacterial activity, especially against gram-negative bacteria such as <italic>E. coli</italic>, which may be attributed to the structural differences in the bacterial cell wall and the presence of fimbriae that enhance nanoparticle uptake.</p> <p>Conclusion. This study highlights the potential of silver nanoparticles, alone or in combination with SDS, as promising agents for plasmid curing and reversing antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant <italic>E. coli</italic>. The findings provide insight into the mechanism by which nanoparticles interact with bacterial cells and offer a foundation for future development of novel antibacterial therapies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Грамотрицательная бактерия <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> является одним из наиболее распространенных видов бактерий, вызывающих оппортунистические инфекции, особенно в медицинских учреждениях. В результате распространения <italic>E. coli </italic>с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ), представляющей значительный риск для общественного здравоохранения, многие традиционные антибиотики теряют свою эффективность против таких бактерий. Возрастающая распространенность такой резистентности определяет необходимость к проведению безотлагательных исследований по поиску альтернативных подходов к лечению. Целью данного исследования было изучение плазмидных профилей, связанных с устойчивостью к антибиотикам, у изолятов <italic>E. coli</italic>, выделенных из клинических образцов, и оценка эффективности наночастиц серебра (AgNP) и додецилсульфата натрия (ДСН) в плазмидной элиминации и устранении устойчивости к антибиотикам.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. МЛУ оценивали с помощью метода диффузии в агаровых дисках путем измерения зон подавления роста вокруг дисков, пропитанных антибиотиком. Плазмиды были выделены и проанализированы методом электрофореза в агарозном геле для выявления генетических элементов, связанных с резистентностью. Плазмидная элиминация проводилось с использованием 10% ДСН, AgNPs и комбинации обоих агентов. Чувствительность к антибиотикам была дополнительно оценена после плазмидной элиминации для оценки любых изменений резистентности.</p> <p>Результаты. Среди исследованных изолятов <italic>E. coli</italic> 75% проявили резистентность к тетрациклину, эритромицину и хлорамфениколу. Плазмидное профилирование подтвердило наличие плазмид, несущих резистентность, в указанных штаммах. После плазмидной элиминации ранее резистентные изоляты демонстрировали восстановление чувствительности к антибиотикам, что подтверждает плазмидно-опосредованную природу резистентности. Изоляты, не содержащие полос плазмид, сохраняли чувствительность на протяжении всего исследования. Примечательно, что AgNPs сами по себе продемонстрировали значительную антибактериальную активность, особенно в отношении грамотрицательных бактерий, таких как <italic>E. coli</italic>, что может быть связано со структурными особенностями клеточной стенки бактерий и наличием фимбрий, усиливающих захват наночастиц.</p> <p>Выводы. Настоящее исследование подчеркивает наличие потенциала для применения наночастиц серебра, как изолированно, так и в сочетании с ДСН, в качестве перспективных агентов для плазмидной элиминации и снижения устойчивости к антибиотикам у полирезистентных <italic>E. coli</italic>. Результаты исследования проливают свет на механизм взаимодействия наночастиц с бактериальными клетками и служат основой для дальнейшей разработки новых антибактериальных препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>plasmids</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>silver nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>sodium dodecyl sulfate</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плазмиды</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>устойчивость к антибиотикам</kwd><kwd>наночастицы серебра</kwd><kwd>додецилсульфат натрия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abada E., Mashraqi A., Modafer Y., Al Abboud M.A., El-Shabasy A. Review green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activity. Saudi J. Biol. 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