<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ELO-17984</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Expression levels of miR-146a and miR-155 and their association with Interleukin-6 in type 1 diabetes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уровни экспрессии miR-146a и miR-155 и их ассоциация с Интерлейкином-6 при сахарном диабете 1 типа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Natiq</surname><given-names>Zahraa Abdullah</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Натик</surname><given-names>Захра Абдулла</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MSc of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр генной инженерии и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>Zahraa.abd2300m@ige.uobaghdad.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nader</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Надер</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio><p>PhD</p></bio><email>Zahraa.abd2300m@ige.uobaghdad.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт генной инженерии и биотехнологии постдипломного обучения, Багдадский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1130</fpage><lpage>1136</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-24"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Natiq Z.A., Nader M.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Натик З.А., Надер М.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Natiq Z.A., Nader M.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Натик З.А., Надер М.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17984">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17984</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background.</italic> Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6), play a central role in this pathological process by promoting pro-inflammatory immune responses. Recent evidence highlights the involvement of microRNAs, especially miR-146a and miR-155, in regulating immune cell activation and cytokine signaling pathways. Dysregulation of these microRNAs may disrupt immune homeostasis and contribute to the progression of T1DM. This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of miR-146a and miR-155 in patients with T1DM and to examine their association with serum IL-6 concentrations. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> This case-control study included 150 participants, comprising 100 individuals diagnosed with T1DM and 50 healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected to evaluate fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and IL-6 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of miR-146a and miR-155, normalized to miR-16 as the internal control. <italic>Results.</italic> The results revealed significantly elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and IL-6 in patients compared to controls (p &lt; 0.0001). Additionally, miR-146a expression was increased by a 3.1-fold change, and miR-155 showed a 1.58-fold increase in patients with T1DM compared to healthy individuals. <italic>Conclusions.</italic> The significant overexpression of microRNAs miR-146a and miR-155, in parallel with elevated serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, highlights their crucial role in the immunopathogenesis of T1DM. These findings suggest that miR-146a and miR-155 may act as key regulators in modulating immune responses, contributing to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Moreover, the combined assessment of these microRNAs and IL-6 may serve as valuable molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease prognosis, and the development of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in T1DM management.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Введение.</italic> Сахарный диабет 1 типа (СД1) — хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание, характеризующееся иммуноопосредованным разрушением β-клеток поджелудочной железы, приводящим к дефициту инсулина. Воспалительные цитокины, в частности интерлейкин-6 (IL-6), играют центральную роль в этом патологическом процессе, стимулируя провоспалительные иммунные реакции. Последние данные свидетельствуют об участии микроРНК, особенно miR-146a и miR-155, в регуляции активации иммунных клеток и эффектов цитокинов. Нарушение регуляции указанных микроРНК может нарушать иммунный гомеостаз и способствовать прогрессированию СД1. Целью данного исследования было изучение уровней экспрессии miR-146a и miR-155 у пациентов с СД1 типа и их взаимосвязи с уровнем IL-6 в сыворотке крови. Материалы и методы. В исследовании «случай–контроль» приняли участие 150 человек, включая 100 человек с диагнозом СД1 и 50 здоровых лиц контрольной группы. От пациентов с СД1 были получены образцы периферической крови для определения уровня глюкозы в крови натощак, гликированного гемоглобина и IL-6 методом иммуноферментного анализа. Для оценки экспрессии miR-146a и miR-155 использовалась количественная полимеразная цепная реакция в реальном времени, нормализованная по уровню miR-16 в качестве внутреннего контроля. <italic>Результаты.</italic> В ходе исследования обнаружено достоверное повышение уровня глюкозы в крови натощак, гликированного гемоглобина и IL-6 у пациентов по сравнению с контрольной группой (p &lt; 0.0001). Кроме того, экспрессия miR-146a увеличилась в 3.1 раза, а экспрессия miR-155 — в 1.58 раза у пациентов с СД1 по сравнению со здоровыми людьми. <italic>Выводы.</italic> Достоверное усиление экспрессии микроРНК miR-146a и miR-155, наряду с повышенным уровнем провоспалительного цитокина IL-6 в сыворотке крови, подчеркивает их ключевую роль в иммунопатогенезе СД1, свидетельствуя о том, что miR-146a и miR-155 могут выступать в качестве ключевых регуляторов иммунного ответа, способствуя аутоиммунному разрушению β-клеток поджелудочной железы. Более того, комбинированная оценка уровня miR-146a и miR-155 и IL-6 может служить значимыми молекулярными биомаркерами для ранней диагностики, прогнозирования заболевания и разработки новых иммуномодулирующих терапевтических стратегий при лечении СД1.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>miR-146a</kwd><kwd>miR-155</kwd><kwd>T1DM</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd><kwd>microRNAs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>miR-146a</kwd><kwd>miR-155</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Addissouky T.A., Ali M.M.A., El Sayed I.E.T., Wang Y. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: retrospect and prospect. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., 2024, vol. 48, no. 1: 42. doi: 10.1186/s42269-024-01197-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Akil A.A.-S., Yassin E., Al-Maraghi A., Aliyev E., Al-Malki K., Fakhro K.A. Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era. J. Transl. Med., 2021, vol. 19, no. 1: 137. doi: 10.1186/s12967-021-02778-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Andreásson S., Allebeck P., Romelsjö A. Alcohol and mortality among young men: longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. BMJ, 1988, vol. 296, no. 6628, pp. 1021–1025. doi: 10.1136/bmj.296.6628.1021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Assmann T.S., Duarte G.C.K., Brondani L.A., de Freitas P.H.O., Martins É.M., Canani L.H., Crispim D. Polymorphisms in genes encoding miR-155 and miR-146a are associated with protection to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol., 2017, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 433–441. doi: 10.1007/s00592-016-0961-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Barić L. [The value of phonocardiography in clinical practice]. Liječnički Vjesnik, 1966, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 1315–1328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y.-L., Qiao Y.-C., Pan Y.-H., Xu Y., Huang Y.-C., Wang Y.-H., Geng L.-J., Zhao H.-L., Zhang X.-X. Correlation between serum interleukin-6 level and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine, 2017, vol. 94, pp. 14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.01.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Cho H., Ha S.E., Singh R., Kim D., Ro S. microRNAs in Type 1 Diabetes: Roles, Pathological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2025, vol. 26, no. 7: 3301. doi: 10.3390/ijms26073301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>García-Díaz D.F., Pizarro C., Camacho-Guillén P., Codner E., Soto N., Pérez-Bravo F. Expression of miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-326 in T1D patients from Chile: relationship with autoimmunity and inflammatory markers. Arch. Endocrinol. Metab., 2018, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 34–40. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ghaffari M., Razi S., Zalpoor H., Nabi-Afjadi M., Mohebichamkhorami F., Zali H. Association of MicroRNA-146a with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and their Related Complications. J. Diabetes Res., 2023, vol. 2023: 2587104. doi: 10.1155/2023/2587104</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Grebenciucova E., Van Haerents S. Interleukin 6: at the interface of human health and disease. Front. Immunol., 2023, vol. 14: 1255533. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255533</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Hammed I.K., Rashid N.F., Abed B.A. Serum Interleukin-6 level in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Fac. Med. Baghdad, 2012, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 228–230. doi: 10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.543723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hundhausen C., Roth A., Whalen E., Chen J., Schneider A., Long S.A., Wei S., Rawlings R., Kinsman M., Evanko S.P., Wight T.N., Greenbaum C.J., Cerosaletti K., Buckner J.H. Enhanced T cell responses to IL-6 in type 1 diabetes are associated with early clinical disease and increased IL-6 receptor expression. Sci. Transl. Med., 2016, vol. 8, no. 356: 356ra139. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad9943</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Husham S., Taha G. Changes in levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the Serum of Preterm Delivery Pregnant Women Affected by Gingivitis. J. Fac. Med. Baghdad, 2023, vol. 65, no. 4. doi: 10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.2152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ichev K. Structural design of the terminal vascular network in the thyroid gland of dog under various functional conditions. Nauchni Trudove Na Visshiia Meditsinski Institut, Sofiia, 1968, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 17–21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kamali K., Korjan E.S., Eftekhar E., Malekzadeh K., Soufi F.G. The role of miR-146a on NF-κB expression level in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hyperglycemic condition. Bratisl. Med. J., 2016, vol. 117, no. 7, pp. 376–380. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2016_074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kröger C.J., Clark M., Ke Q., Tisch R.M. Therapies to Suppress β Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes. Front. Immunol., 2018, vol. 9: 1891. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Liu G.-J., Zhang Q.-R., Gao X., Wang H., Tao T., Gao Y.-Y., Zhou Y., Chen X.-X., Li W., Hang C.-H. MiR-146a Ameliorates Hemoglobin-Induced Microglial Inflammatory Response via TLR4/IRAK1/TRAF6 Associated Pathways. Front. Neurosci., 2020, vol. 14: 311. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00311</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Maratni N.P.T., Saraswati M.R., Ayu Dewi N.N., Suastika K. MIRNA146a And Diabetes-Related Complications: A Review. Curr. Diabetes Rev., 2023, vol. 19, no. 9. doi: 10.2174/1573399819666221014095715</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mohamed R.A., Mahmoud M., Morgan D.S., Gamal G.M., Doudar N. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and its genetic association with miR-146a and miR-155 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Gene Rep., 2022, vol. 26: 101477. doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101477</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Mostahfezian M., Azhir Z., Dehghanian F., Hojati Z. Expression Pattern of microRNAs, miR-21, miR-155 and miR-338 in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Arch. Med. Res., 2019, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.07.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Piganelli J.D., Mamula M.J., James E.A. The Role of β Cell Stress and Neo-Epitopes in the Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 2021, vol. 11: 624590. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624590</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Polina E.R., Oliveira F.M., Sbruzzi R.C., Crispim D., Canani L.H., Santos K.G. Gene polymorphism and plasma levels of miR-155 in diabetic retinopathy. Endocr. Connect., 2019, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1591–1599. doi: 10.1530/EC-19-0446</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Pupke H. Evaluation of curves of dosage effects in thick layers. Arch. Geschwulstforsch., 1963, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 188–192.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Raschke V.N., Heiderstädt R. Long-term results following retroauricular full-thickness skin grafts for vestibular reconstruction. Zahnarztl. Mitt., Zentralbl., 1988, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 43–46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Roep B.O., Thomaidou S., van Tienhoven R., Zaldumbide A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune system?). Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 2021, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 150–161. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-00443-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Soucek D.J., Cherry D.S., Trent G.C. Relative acute toxicity of acid mine drainage water column and sediments to Daphnia magna in the Puckett’s Creek Watershed, Virginia, USA. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2000, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 305–310. doi: 10.1007/s002449910040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Taha G.I. Involvement of IL-10 gene polymorphism (rs1800896) and IL-10 level in the development of periimplantitis. Minerva Dent. Oral Sci., 2024, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 264–271. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6329.23.04844-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Talib E.Q., Taha G.I. Involvement of interlukin-17A (IL-17A) gene polymorphism and interlukin-23 (IL-23) level in the development of peri-implantitis. BDJ Open, 2024, vol. 10, no. 1: 12. doi: 10.1038/s41405-024-00193-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Tanaka T., Narazaki M., Kishimoto T. IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2014, vol. 6, no. 10: a016295. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Uchiyama T. Studies on hyperthermic chemotherapy for cancer of the esophagus — especially the intraluminal administration with perfusion of BLM containing warmed saline solution. Nihon Geka Hokan. Arch. Jpn. Chir., 1984, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 703–720.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Walla P., Endl W., Lindinger G., Deecke, Lang W. Implicit memory within a word recognition task: an event-related potential study in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett., 1999, vol. 269, no. 3, pp. 129–132. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00430-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Yang M., Ye L., Wang B., Gao J., Liu R., Hong J., Wang W., Gu W., Ning G. Decreased miR-146 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is correlated with ongoing islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes patients. J. Diabetes, 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 158–165. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12163</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Yu H., Lin L., Zhang Z., Zhang H., Hu H. Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 2020, vol. 5, no. 1: 209. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Zarei M., Sheikholeslami M.A., Mozaffari M., Mortada Y. Innovative immunotherapies and emerging treatments in type 1 diabetes management. Diabetes Epidemiol. Manag., 2025, vol. 17: 100247. doi: 10.1016/j.deman.2024.100247</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
