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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17982</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-PUO-17982</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive utility of monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and D-dimer in risk stratification of sepsis: a prospective cohort study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогностическое значение моноцитарного хемоаттрактантного Протеина-1 (MCP-1) и D-димера в оценке риска сепсиса: проспективное когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskandar</surname><given-names>Agustin</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Искандар</surname><given-names>Агустин</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Clinical Pathologist, Associate Profesor, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, специалист по клинической патологии, доцент кафедры клинической патологии медицинского факультета</p></bio><email>agustin_almi@ub.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fathonah</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатона</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Pathologist, Lecturer, Department of Clinical Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический патолог, преподаватель кафедры клинической патологии медицинского факультета</p></bio><email>agustin_almi@ub.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soraya</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорайя</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Pathologist, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Pathologist, Department of Clinical Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический патолог, отделение клинической патологии, медицинский факультет, клинический патолог, Отделение клинической патологии</p></bio><email>agustin_almi@ub.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lova</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лова</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="ID">Indonesia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Practitioner, Member of Indonesian Doctor Association</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач общей практики, член Индонезийской ассоциации врачей</p></bio><email>agustin_almi@ub.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universitas Brawijaya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Бравиджая</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Больница общего профиля им. д-ра Сайфула Анвара</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ulin General Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Больница общего профиля им. Улина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Indonesian Doctor Association</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Индонезийская ассоциация врачей</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1111</fpage><lpage>1120</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-29"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-21"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Iskandar A., Fathonah S., Soraya M., Lova N.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Искандар А., Фатона С., Сорайя М., Лова Н.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Iskandar A., Fathonah S., Soraya M., Lova N.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Искандар А., Фатона С., Сорайя М., Лова Н.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17982">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17982</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Sepsis is a severe and life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by a dysregulated host immune response to infection. This maladaptive response promotes widespread endothelial injury and abnormalities in coagulation, often progressing to multi-organ dysfunction and death. Mortality rates remain high, highlighting the urgent need for reliable biomarkers to enable early identification of patients at high risk. Such tools are particularly valuable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to advanced diagnostic and therapeutic resources is limited. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that reflects hyperactivation of the innate immune system, while D-dimer indicates activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although both pathways are central to the pathophysiology of sepsis, data evaluating their combined prognostic value in LMIC settings remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of MCP-1 and D-dimer, both individually and in combination, for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis. <bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 83 adult patients with newly diagnosed sepsis at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia. Serum MCP-1 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plasma D-dimer levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry at the time of diagnosis. Patients were followed for 28 days, and survival outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models. <bold>Results.</bold> Among the 83 participants, 58 patients (70%) died within 28 days. Non-survivors demonstrated significantly higher MCP-1 and D-dimer levels compared with survivors. An MCP-1 concentration ≥ 123.03 pg/mL was strongly associated with increased mortality (HR 2.664, p = 0.005). Elevated D-dimer (≥ 43.5 mg/L FEU) showed a weaker individual association, but when combined with MCP-1, predictive accuracy for mortality was significantly enhanced (HR 3.986, p = 0.037). <bold>Conclusion.</bold> The concurrent elevation of MCP-1 and D-dimer identifies patients with sepsis who are at markedly increased risk of death. These findings support the potential utility of integrating inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers for early risk stratification. Moreover, they highlight the central role of the inflammation–coagulation axis in sepsis pathophysiology, with particular relevance for clinical practice in resource-limited settings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Сепсис представляет собой тяжелый жизнеугрожающий клинический синдром, характеризующийся нарушением регуляции иммунного ответа организма на инфекцию. Такой дезадаптивный ответ способствует обширному повреждению эндотелия и нарушениям коагуляции, часто прогрессирующим в полиорганную дисфункции и летальный исход. Показатели смертности остаются высокими, что подчеркивает острую необходимость в подборе надежных биомаркеров для раннего выявления пациентов высокого риска, что особенно актульно для стран с низким и средним уровнем дохода (СНСД), где доступ к передовым диагностическим и терапевтическим ресурсам ограничен. Моноцитарный хемоаттрактантный белок-1 (MCP-1) — это хемокин, отражающий гиперактивацию врожденного иммунитета, в то время как D-димер указывает на активацию коагуляции и фибринолиза. Хотя оба биологических каскада играют центральную роль в патофизиологии сепсиса, данных, оценивающих их совокупное прогностическое значение в условиях СНСД, получено недостаточно. Целью данного исследования была оценка прогностической значимости определения уровня MCP-1 и D-димера — как по отдельности, так и в сочетании — для прогнозирования 28-дневной смертности у пациентов с сепсисом. <bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Было проведено проспективное когортное исследование с участием 83 взрослых пациентов с впервые диагностированным сепсисом в больнице общего профиля им. д-ра Сайфула Анвара в Маланге, Индонезия. На момент постановки диагноза уровень MCP-1 в сыворотке крови измерялся с помощью иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА), а уровень D-димера в плазме — методом иммунотурбидиметрии. Наблюдение за пациентами проводилось в течение 28 дней, а результаты выживаемости оценивались с помощью анализа выживаемости Каплана–Майера и регрессионных моделей пропорциональных рисков Кокса. <bold>Результаты. </bold>Из 83 участников 58 пациентов (70%) умерли в течение 28 дней. У невыживших пациентов наблюдались значительно более высокие уровни MCP-1 и D-димера по сравнению с выжившими. Концентрация MCP-1 ≥ 123,03 пг/мл была значимо связана с повышенной смертностью (ОР 2,664, p = 0,005). Повышенный уровень D-димера (≥ 43,5 мг/л ФЭЕ [фибриноген-эквивалентная единица]) сам по себе не всегда являлся неблагоприятным прогностическим признаком, однако сочетанное повышение содержания D-димера и MCP-1 являлось более точным предиктором летального исхода (ОР 3,986, p = 0,037). <bold>Заключение. </bold>Одновременное повышение уровня MCP-1 и D-димера позволяет выявить пациентов с сепсисом, имеющих значительно повышенный риск смерти. Указанные данные подтверждают потенциальную применимость сочетанной оценки воспалительных и коагуляционных биомаркеров для ранней стратификации риска, а также подчеркивают центральную роль оси воспаление–коагуляция в патофизиологии сепсиса, что особенно актуально для клинической практики в условиях ограниченных ресурсов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>mortality prediction</kwd><kwd>MCP-1</kwd><kwd>D-dimer</kwd><kwd>coagulation biomarkers</kwd><kwd>resource-limited settings</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование смертности</kwd><kwd>MCP-1</kwd><kwd>D-димер</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры коагуляции</kwd><kwd>страны с ограниченными ресурсами</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">the Rector of Brawijaya University</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>697.13/UN10.C10/PN/2019</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bozza F.A., Salluh J.I., Japiassu A.M., Soares M., Assis E.F., Gomes R.N., Bozza M.T., Castro-Faria-Neto H.C., Bozza P.T. 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