<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17977</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TEO-17977</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of the G141R egg-adaptive substitution on the biological properties of currently circulating B/Victoria-lineage influenza B viruses</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние яично-адаптационной замены G141R в гемагглютинине на биологические свойства современных вирусов гриппа В линии В/Виктория</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-8645</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8010-3047</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>fedorova.iem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-556X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5169-1426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhenova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баженова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>sonya.01.08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-5636</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8852-4103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chistyakova</surname><given-names>Anna K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чистякова</surname><given-names>Анна Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>anna.k.chistiakova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>P. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вонг</surname><given-names>П. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology and Prevention of Viral Infections, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>po333222@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1171-3383</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4709-5010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionova</surname><given-names>Natalie V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионова</surname><given-names>Наталья Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>nvlarionova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmicheva</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмичева</surname><given-names>Вера Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории общей вирусологии отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>veralynx178@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9959</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4181-1372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>Larisa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Лариса Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>vaccine@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-9873</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7857-7306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Ирина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Professor, Head of Laboratory of General Virology, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией общей вирусологии отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-26"><day>26</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-20"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Stepanova E.A., Bazhenova E.A., Chistyakova A.K., Wong P.F., Larionova N.V., Kuzmicheva V.V., Rudenko L.G., Kiseleva I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Степанова Е.А., Баженова Е.А., Чистякова А.К., Вонг П.Ф., Ларионова Н.В., Кузьмичева В.В., Руденко Л.Г., Киселева И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepanova E.A., Bazhenova E.A., Chistyakova A.K., Wong P.F., Larionova N.V., Kuzmicheva V.V., Rudenko L.G., Kiseleva I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанова Е.А., Баженова Е.А., Чистякова А.К., Вонг П.Ф., Ларионова Н.В., Кузьмичева В.В., Руденко Л.Г., Киселева И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17977">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17977</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the continuing interest in influenza infection and relevant pathogens, a significant number of publications in this field are devoted to influenza A viruses, while influenza B viruses receive less attention. In PubMed database, there are 10 times fewer articles on influenza B vs. influenza A viruses. However, despite the complete disappearance of influenza B/Yamagata lineage viruses in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, B/Victoria lineage viruses continue to circulate, posing a problem for national health. The fact that only B/Victoria lineage circulate currently in human population gives a reason to believe that it should be closely investigated. An important place among the major properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is referred to its potential to shape antigenic diversity of influenza viruses. It has been reliably proven that mutations in specific positions of HA1 receptor-binding site affect antigenic specificity. Therefore, assessing key amino acid positions located in this area is of substantial scientific and practical interest. This is especially important in practice, e.g., in influenza vaccine production that includes passaging in a sensitive substrate (usually in developing chicken embryos) within manufacturing technology. During passaging, substrate-adapting substitutions may occur in the region of the receptor-binding pocket, which may lead to undesirable changes in antigenic and biological properties of vaccine preparation. Our study is aimed at assessing a role of one of such egg-adapting substitutions (G141R). It was found that passaging of two currently circulating influenza B/Victoria viruses, B/Austria/1359417/2021 and B/Catalonia/2279261NS/2023, and LAIV vaccine strains prepared on their platform in developing chicken embryos resulted in HA1 G141R substitution that increased cold-adaptation of LAIV candidates, but not affecting their antigenic properties, temperature-sensitive phenotype, or degree of HA thermostability. The data presented in the article indicate that it is necessary to pay close attention to the emergence of mutations in the genome of influenza vaccine strains during their preparation, monitoring their possible impact on the key properties of such strains.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Невзирая на неиссякаемый интерес к гриппу и его возбудителям, значительное число публикаций на эту тему посвящено вирусам гриппа А, а вирусам гриппа В уделяется меньше внимания. Только в одной поисковой системе по биомедицинским исследованиям PubMed о вирусах гриппа В представлено в 10 раз меньше статей, чем о вирусах гриппа А. Тем не менее, несмотря на полное исчезновение вирусов гриппа линии B/Yamagata в постпандемический по COVID-19 период, вирусы линии B/Victoria продолжают циркулировать, представляя проблему для здравоохранения. То, что сегодня в человеческой популяции циркулируют только викторианские вирусы гриппа В, дает повод считать, что нужно сосредоточить внимание на свойствах представителей этой линии. Одним из основных свойств гемагглютинина (НА) является его высокая антигенная изменчивость, которая влечет за собой широкое антигенное разнообразие вирусов гриппа. Достоверно доказано, что мутации в определенных позициях рецептор-связывающего сайта НА1 влияют на антигенную специфичность. Поэтому исследование ключевых аминокислотных позиций, располагающихся в этой области, представляет существенный научный и практический интерес. Это особенно важно на практике, например, при производстве гриппозных вакцин, в технологию изготовления которых включено пассирование вирусов гриппа человека в чувствительном субстрате (как правило — в развивающихся куриных эмбрионах). При пассировании могут возникнуть адаптационные к субстрату замены в области рецептор-связывающего кармана, которые могут привести к нежелательным изменениям антигенных и биологических свойств вакцинного препарата. Изучению возможной роли одной из таких яично-адаптационных замен (G141R) посвящено наше исследование. Было установлено, что пассирование в развивающихся куриных эмбрионах двух современных викторианских вирусов гриппа В — B/Austria/1359417/2021 и B/Catalonia/2279261NS/2023 — и вакцинных штаммов ЖГВ, подготовленных на их основе, приводило к появлению в НА1 замены G141R. Эта замена повышала холодоустойчивость вакцинных штаммов ЖГВ, но не влияла на их антигенные свойства, температурочувствительный фенотип и степень термостабильности гемагглютинина. Представленные в статье данные свидетельствуют о том, что в процессе подготовки вакцинных штаммов вируса гриппа необходимо уделять пристальное внимание появлению мутаций в геноме, контролируя их возможное влияние на маркерные свойства этих штаммов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza B viruses</kwd><kwd>B/Victoria lineage</kwd><kwd>substitutions in hemagglutinin</kwd><kwd>adaptation to substrate</kwd><kwd>G141R egg-adaptive mutation</kwd><kwd>antigenic properties</kwd><kwd>biological properties</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирусы гриппа В</kwd><kwd>викторианская линия</kwd><kwd>мутации в гемагглютинине</kwd><kwd>адаптация к субстрату</kwd><kwd>яично-адаптационная замена G141R</kwd><kwd>антигенные свойства</kwd><kwd>биологические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG–2025–0015</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Experimental Medicine FGWG-2025-0015.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа подготовлена в рамках государственного задания ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» FGWG-2025-0015.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Желтухина, А.И. Эволюция вируса гриппа В: разнообразие биологических свойств сквозь призму генетической изменчивости // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2024. Т. 14, № 5. С. 845–861. [Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Zheltukhina A.I. Evolution of the influenza B virus: diversity of biological properties through the prism of genetic variability. Infektsiya i immunitet = Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, 2024, vol. 14, no 5, pp. 845–861. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-IBV-17624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Литвинова О.М., Иванова В.В., Исакова И.Н., Медведева Т.Е., Александрова Г.И., Руденко Л.Г. Изменение признака температурочувствительности как отражение эволюционной изменчивости эпидемических штаммов вирусов гриппа // Медицинский академический журнал. 2002. Т. 2, № 3. С. 49–57. [Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Litvinova O.M., Ivanova V.V., Isakova I.N., Medvedeva T.E., Alexandrova G.I., Rudenko L.G. Change of temperature sensitivity as a reflection of evolutional variability of wild-type influenza viruses. Meditsinskii akademicheskii zhurnal = Medical Academic Journal, 2002, vol. 2, no 3, pp. 49–57. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ларионова Н.В., Киселева И.В., Баженова Е.А., Степанова Е.А., Руденко Л.Г. Оптимизация свойств реассортантных штаммов живой гриппозной вакцины, полученных методами обратной генетики // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2023. Т. 13, № 6. С. 1018–1026. [Larionova N.V., Kiseleva I.V., Bazhenova E.A., Stepanova E.A., Rudenko L.G. Optimization of the properties of reassortant strains of live influenza vaccine obtained by reverse genetics. Infektsiya i immunitet = Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, 2023, vol. 13, no 6, pp. 1018–1026. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-DOR-2449</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Полежаев Ф.И., Александрова Г.И. Выделение температурочувствительных штаммов вируса гриппа в эпидемию, вызванную вирусом А/Виктория в 1975–1976 гг. // Вопросы вирусологии. 1979. Т. 24, № 4: 430. [Polezhaev F.I., Aleksandrova G.I. Isolation of temperature-sensitive strains of the influenza virus in the epidemic caused by the A/Victoria virus in 1975–1976. Voprosy Virusologii = Problems of Virology, 1979, vol. 24, no. 4: 430. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Полежаев Ф.И., Смородинцев А.А. Роль температурочувствительных мутантов в естественной эволюции вируса гриппа // Вопросы вирусологии. 1986. Т. 31, № 2. С. 148–152. [Polezhaev F.I., Smorodintsev A.A. Role of temperature-sensitive mutants in the natural evolution of the influenza virus]. Voprosy Virusologii = Problems of Virology, 1986, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 148–152. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Сорокин Е.В., Иванова А.А., Царева Т.Р., Комиссарова К.С., Амосова И.В., Комиссаров А.Б., Грудинин М.П. Антигенная структура гемагглютинина вируса гриппа В/Массачусетс/02/2012 // Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2023. Т. 12, № 138. С. 1–13. [Sorokin E.V., Ivanova A.A., Tsareva T.R., Komissarova K.S., Amosova I.V., Komissarov A.B., Grudinin M.P. Antigenic structure of the haemagglutinin of influenza virus B/Massachusetts/02/2012. Mezhdunarodnyi nauchno-issledovatel’skii zhurnal = International Research Journal, 2023, vol. 12, no. 138, pp. 1–13. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.23670/IRJ.2023.138.217</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Beigel J.H., Farrar J., Han A.M., Hayden F.G., Hyer R., de Jong M.D., Lochindarat S., Nguyen T.K., Nguyen T.H., Tran T.H., Nicoll A., Touch S., Yuen K.Y. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, vol. 353, no. 13, pp. 1374–1385. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra052211</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Chang D., Lin M., Song N., Zhu Z., Gao J., Li S., Liu H., Liu D., Zhang Y., Sun W., Zhou X., Yang B., Li Y., Wang L., Xiao Z., Li K., Xing L., Xie L., Sharma L. The emergence of influenza B as a major respiratory pathogen in the absence of COVID-19 during the 2021–2022 flu season in China. Virol. J., 2023, vol. 20, no. 1: 189. doi: 10.1186/s12985-023-02115-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Z., Aspelund A., Jin H. Stabilizing the glycosylation pattern of influenza B hemagglutinin following adaptation to growth in eggs. Vaccine, 2008, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 361–371. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Galloway S.E., Reed M.L., Russell C.J., Steinhauer D.A. Influenza HA subtypes demonstrate divergent phenotypes for cleavage activation and pH of fusion: implications for host range and adaptation. PLoS Pathog., 2013, vol. 9, no. 2: e1003151. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003151</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Heikkinen T., Ikonen N., Ziegler T. Impact of influenza B lineage-level mismatch between trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines and circulating viruses, 1999–2012. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2014, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1519–1524. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu664</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Imai M., Watanabe T., Hatta M., Das S.C., Ozawa M., Shinya K., Zhong G., Hanson A., Katsura H., Watanabe S., Li C., Kawakami E., Yamada S., Kiso M., Suzuki Y., Maher E.A., Neumann G., Kawaoka Y. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature, 2012, vol. 486, no. 7403, pp. 420–428. doi: 10.1038/nature10831</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Isakova-Sivak I., Matyushenko V., Stepanova E., Matushkina A., Kotomina T., Mezhenskaya D., Prokopenko P., Kudryavtsev I., Kopeykin P., Sivak K., Rudenko L. Recombinant live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses carrying conserved T-cell epitopes of human adenoviruses induce functional cytotoxic T-cell responses and protect mice against both infections. Vaccines (Basel), 2020, vol. 8, no. 2: 196. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020196</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kiseleva I., Sua Q., Toner T.J., Szymkowiak C., Kwan W.-S., Rudenko L., Shawa A.R., Youil R. Cell-based assay for the determination of temperature sensitive and cold adapted phenotypes of influenza viruses. J. Virol. Methods, 2004, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 71–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Koutsakos M., Wheatley A.K., Laurie K., Kent S.J., Rockman S. Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic? Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2021, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 741–742. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Larionova N., Kiseleva I., Isakova I., Litvinova O., Klimov A., Rudenko L. Naturally occurring temperature-sensitive strains of influenza B virus. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research (the 1st IVW-2004 Conference proceedings). 2004, pp. 92–97. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.11.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lugovtsev V.Y., Vodeiko G.M., Levandowski R.A. Mutational pattern of influenza B viruses adapted to high growth replication in embryonated eggs. Virus Res., 2005, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.11.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Martín J., Wharton S.A., Lin Y.P., Takemoto D.K., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C., Steinhauer D.A. Studies of the binding properties of influenza hemagglutinin receptor-site mutants. Virology, 1998, vol. 241, no. 1, pp. 101–111. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8958</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ortiz de Lejarazu-Leonardo R., Montomoli E., Wojcik R., Christopher S., Mosnier A., Pariani E., Trilla Garcia A., Fickenscher H., Gärtner B.C., Jandhyala R., Zambon M., Moore C. Estimation of reduction in influenza vaccine effectiveness due to egg-adaptation changes-systematic literature review and expert consensus. Vaccines (Basel), 2021, vol. 9, no. 11: 1255. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111255</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Oxford J.S., Corcoran T., Schild G.C. Naturally occurring temperature-sensitive influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. J. Gen. Virol., 1980, vol. 48, pt 2, pp. 383–389. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-48-2-383</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Reed L.J., Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1938, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 493–497. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Reina J. The Victoria and Yamagata lineages of influenza B viruses, unknown and undervalued. Rev. Esp. Quimioter., 2022, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 231–235. doi: 10.37201/req/159.2021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Robertson J. Clinical influenza virus and the embryonated hen’s egg. Rev. Med. Virol., 1993, vol. 3, pp. 97–106. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1980030206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Robertson J.S., Naeve C.W., Webster R.G., Bootman J.S., Newman R., Schild G.C. Alterations in the hemagglutinin associated with adaptation of influenza B virus to growth in eggs. Virology, 1985, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 166–174. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90105-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Rose A.M., Lucaccioni H., Marsh K., Kirsebom F., Whitaker H., Emborg H.D., Bolt Botnen A., O’Doherty M.G., Pozo F., Hameed S.S., Andrews N., Hamilton M., Trebbien R., Lauenborg Møller K., Marques D.F., Murphy S., McQueenie R., Lopez-Bernal J., Cottrell S., Bucholc M., Kissling E. Interim 2024/25 influenza vaccine effectiveness: eight European studies, September 2024 to January 2025. Euro Surveill., 2025, vol. 30, no. 7: 2500102. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.7.2500102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A.R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1977, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Scholtissek C. Stability of infectious influenza A viruses at low pH and at elevated temperature. Vaccine, 1985, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 215–218. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(85)90109-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Shcherbik S., Pearce N., Kiseleva I., Larionova N., Rudenko L., Xu X., Wentworth D.E., Bousse T. Implementation of new approaches for generating conventional reassortants for live attenuated influenza vaccine based on Russian master donor viruses. J. Virol. Methods, 2016, vol. 227, pp. 33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.10.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Shelton H., Roberts K.L., Molesti E., Temperton N., Barclay W.S. Mutations in haemagglutinin that affect receptor binding and pH stability increase replication of a PR8 influenza virus with H5 HA in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and may contribute to transmissibility. J. Gen. Virol., 2013, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1220–1229. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.050526-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Vijaykrishna D., Holmes E.C., Joseph U., Fourment M., Su Y.C., Halpin R., Lee R.T., Deng Y.M., Gunalan V., Lin X., Stockwell T.B., Fedorova N.B., Zhou B., Spirason N., Kühnert D., Bošková V., Stadler T., Costa A.M., Dwyer D.E., Huang Q.S., Jennings L.C., Rawlinson W., Sullivan S.G., Hurt A.C., Maurer-Stroh S., Wentworth D.E., Smith G.J., Barr I.G. The contrasting phylodynamics of human influenza B viruses. Elife, 2015, vol. 4: e05055. doi: 10.7554/eLife.05055</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Wen F., Li L., Zhao N., Chiang M.J., Xie H., Cooley J., Webby R., Wang P.G., Wan X.F. A Y161F hemagglutinin substitution increases thermostability and improves yields of 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in cells. J. Virol., 2018, vol. 92, no. 2: e01621-17. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01621-17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza. 2011, 153 p. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/manual-for-the-laboratory-diagnosis-and-virological-surveillance-of-influenza</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2022 southern hemisphere influenza season. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/recommended-composition-of-influenza-virus-vaccines-for-use-in-the-2022-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Report prepared for the WHO Consultation on the composition of influenza virus vaccines for the Northern Hemisphere 2024/2025. Vaccine Composition Meeting: Montreux, 19–22 February 2024. URL: https://www.crick.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-05/WIC-VCM-NH202425.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson J., Zhou R., Liu H., Rothman R., Fenstermacher K., Pekosz A. Antigenic alteration of 2017-2018 season influenza B vaccine by egg-culture adaption. Front. Virol., 2022, vol. 2: 933440. doi: 10.3389/fviro.2022.933440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Wong P.F., Isakova-Sivak I., Stepanova E., Krutikova E., Bazhenova E., Rekstin A., Rudenko L. Development of cross-reactive live attenuated influenza vaccine candidates against both lineages of influenza B virus. Vaccines (Basel), 2024, vol. 12, no. 1: 95. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12010095</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zaraket H., Hurt A.C., Clinch B., Barr I., Lee N. Burden of influenza B virus infection and considerations for clinical management. Antiviral Res., 2021, vol. 185: 104970. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104970</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
