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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17945</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CII-17945</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in immunological parameters and leucocyte DNA methylation in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis related to chronic HCV infection</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменение иммунологических показателей и метилирования ДНК лейкоцитов у больных с фиброзом и циррозом печени при хронической ВГС-инфекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleynik</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алейник</surname><given-names>Владимир Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Normal Physiology, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры нормальной физиологии, директор</p></bio><email>aleynik.vladimir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8338-1122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Juraeva</surname><given-names>Mokhigul A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жураева</surname><given-names>Мохигуль Азимжоновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Training of Family Doctors</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры подготовки семейных врачей</p></bio><email>mohigul_azimovna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdulazizxojiyev</surname><given-names>Bobur R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдулазизхожиев</surname><given-names>Бобур Расулжон угли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology with Hematology Course</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, ассистент кафедры эндокринологии с курсом гематологии</p></bio><email>mohigul_azimovna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babich</surname><given-names>Svetlana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабич</surname><given-names>Светлана Михайловн</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Мedicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Social Hygiene and Health Management</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, зав. кафедрой социальной гигиены и управления здравоохранением</p></bio><email>bsm959@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poshakhujaev</surname><given-names>Nizomxon K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пошахужаев</surname><given-names>Низомхон Хошимхон угли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Applicant of the Department of Training General Practitioners</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>соискатель кафедры подготовки врачей общей практики</p></bio><email>mohigul_azimovna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Andijan State Medical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Андижанский государственный медицинский институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Andijan Branch of the Institute of Human Immunology and Genomics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Андижанский филиал Института иммунологии и геномики человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-16"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-14"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Aleinik V.A., Juraeva M.A., Abdulazizkhozhiev B.R., Babich S.M., Poshaxojayev N.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Алейник В.А., Жураева М.А., Абдулазизхожиев Б.Р., Бабич С.М., Пошахужаев Н.Х.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aleinik V.A., Juraeva M.A., Abdulazizkhozhiev B.R., Babich S.M., Poshaxojayev N.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алейник В.А., Жураева М.А., Абдулазизхожиев Б.Р., Бабич С.М., Пошахужаев Н.Х.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17945">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17945</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The work studied the change in immunological parameters and leukocyte DNA methylation in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis during chronic HCV infection. Changes in methylation and subsequent modulation of gene expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. In cells susceptible to infection, hepatitis C virus activation is associated with increased DNA methyltransferase activity that suggests a shift in methylation profile. The aim was to study the change in immunological parameters and leukocyte DNA methylation in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis during chronic HCV infection. The study involved 120 subjects divided into five groups. All study participants were examined for serum level of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10), as well as alarmins such as HMGB1 protein, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-33 (IL-33) analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using standard test kits. Leukocyte DNA methylation was assessed by the concentration of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine formed due to methylation of cytosine at position C5. At the early stage (post-HCV), a moderately increased DNMT1 activity and 5-mdC levels in leukocyte lysates mirror a compensatory mechanism aimed at suppressing proinflammatory genes. During chronic HCV infection without fibrosis, maximum DNMT1 values point at active suppression of viral replication and inflammation through hypermethylation. In chronic HCV infection and fibrosis (F1,2), a decrease in DNMT1 and 5-mdC evidence about exhausted epigenetic regulation, which contributes to profibrotic gene activation. At the stage of liver cirrhosis (F4), coupled to HCV infection, a significant decrease in DNMT1 and 5-mdC confirms deep epigenetic dysfunction associated with irreversible liver damage. In this case, inflammatory imbalance and fibrogenesis are manifested as progressively increased serum proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-33) upon transition from chronic infection to cirrhosis, forming a vicious circle of inflammation and fibrosis. The progression of HCV disease from the post-infection stage to cirrhosis is characterized by a gradual depletion of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms (DNMT1/5-mdC), which leads to elevated proinflammatory status and activation of fibrogenesis. Study of DNA methylation markers in leukocytes together/in parallel with cytokine profile allowed to identify deeper immune mechanisms of HCV development from post-infection to cirrhosis. Levels of DNMT1 and 5-mdC in leukocytes can serve as potential markers of HCV infection stage and risk of fibrotic complications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В работе изучалось изменение иммунологических показателей и метилирования ДНК лейкоцитов у больных с фиброзом и циррозом печени при хронической ВГС-инфекции. Изменения в метилировании и последующая модуляция генной экспрессии могут играть роль в патогенезе инфекции, вызванной вирусом гепатита С. В клетках, подверженных заражению, активация вирусом гепатита С ассоциируется с увеличением активности ДНК-метилтрансфераз, что указывает на сдвиг в профиле метилирования. Целью исследования было изучение изменений иммунологических показателей и метилирования ДНК лейкоцитов у больных с фиброзом и циррозом печени при хронической ВГС-инфекции. В исследовании приняли участие 120 человек, разделенных на пять групп. У всех участников исследования в сыворотке крови определяли уровень провоспалительных цитокинов, включая интерлейкин-1β (IL-1β), фактор некроза опухоли-α (TNFα) и противовоспалительного интерлейкина-10 (IL-10), также оценивали уровни аларминов, а именно концентрацию белка HMGB1 и интерлейкина-1α (IL-1α), а также интерлейкина-33 (IL-33) методом иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА) с использованием стандартных тест-систем. Метилирование ДНК в лейкоцитах оценивалось по концентрации 5-метил-2'-дезоксицитидина, образующегося в результате метилирования цитозина в положении C5. На ранней стадии (пост-ВГС) умеренное повышение в составе лизатов лейкоцитов активности DNMT1 и уровня 5-mdC отражает компенсаторный механизм, направленный на подавление провоспалительных генов. В период хронической ВГС-инфекции без фиброза максимальные значения DNMT1 указывают на активное подавление вирусной репликации и воспаления через гиперметилирование. При хронической ВГС-инфекции и фиброзе (F1,2) снижение DNMT1 и 5-mdC свидетельствует об истощении эпигенетической регуляции, что способствует активации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic HCV infection</kwd><kwd>liver fibrosis</kwd><kwd>liver cirrhosis</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>DNA methyltransferase 1,5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine</kwd><kwd>alarmins</kwd><kwd>epigenetic DNA methylation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический вирусный гепатит С</kwd><kwd>фиброз печени</kwd><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>ДНК-метилтрансфераза 1,5-метил-2'-дезоксицитидин</kwd><kwd>алармины</kwd><kwd>эпигенетическое метилирование ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Barreto G., Manninen M., Eklund K. Osteoarthritis and toll-like receptors: when innate immunity meets chondrocyte apoptosis. 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