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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17944</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-EMC-17944</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Endometrial microbiota composition, α-defensin and transforming growth factor β1 levels in women with viral infection-driven infertility</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структура микробиоты эндометрия, уровни α-дефензина и трансформирующего фактора роста β1 у женщин с бесплодием при вирусной инфекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673-6274</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7603-6982</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Budilovskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Будиловская</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Immunology and Virology of HIV Infection, PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции, аспирант</p></bio><email>o.budilovskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-4878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopylova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копылова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>khripushina_a_a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-1881</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-3678-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2438-0230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krysanova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крысанова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>krusanova.anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2742-2655</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-1852-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9533-9754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>husnutdinovat@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3002-3874</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2527-7198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalepo</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалепо</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-8279</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8320-1234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhov</surname><given-names>Y. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжов</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Junior Researcher, Department of Reproductology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., младший научный сотрудник отдела репродуктологии</p></bio><email>julian.ryzhov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-7907</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2709-2890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obedkova</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Объедкова</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Department of Reproductology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела репродуктологии</p></bio><email>obedkova_ks@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5313-2259</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9694-3758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalenko</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халенко</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Reproductology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела репродуктологии</p></bio><email>vkhalenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5309-0087</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3605-0413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tapilskaya</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тапильская</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Reproduction Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела репродукции</p></bio><email>tapnatalia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8954-0234</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9392-1886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Storozheva</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сторожева</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>kvstorozheva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3870-5930</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8007-2630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savicheva</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савичева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Medical Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, зав. отделом медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>savitcheva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-6900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6572-6450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kogan</surname><given-names>I. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коган</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, RAS Corresponding Member, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор</p></bio><email>ikogan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ НИИ акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>933</fpage><lpage>943</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-13"><day>13</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-20"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Budilovskaya O.V., Kopylova A.A., Krysanova A.A., Khusnutdinova T.A., Shalepo K.V., Ryzhov Y.R., Obedkova K., Khalenko V.V., Tapilskaya N.I., Storozheva K.V., Savicheva A.M., Kogan I.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Будиловская О.В., Копылова А.А., Крысанова А.А., Хуснутдинова Т.А., Шалепо К.В., Рыжов Ю.Р., Объедкова К.В., Халенко В.В., Тапильская Н.И., Сторожева К.В., Савичева А.М., Коган И.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Budilovskaya O.V., Kopylova A.A., Krysanova A.A., Khusnutdinova T.A., Shalepo K.V., Ryzhov Y.R., Obedkova K., Khalenko V.V., Tapilskaya N.I., Storozheva K.V., Savicheva A.M., Kogan I.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Будиловская О.В., Копылова А.А., Крысанова А.А., Хуснутдинова Т.А., Шалепо К.В., Рыжов Ю.Р., Объедкова К.В., Халенко В.В., Тапильская Н.И., Сторожева К.В., Савичева А.М., Коган И.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17944">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17944</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A viral infection can interfere with implantation processes, affecting angiogenesis and endometrial receptivity, invasive trophoblast activity, and disrupting the balance of immune factors. The aim of the study was to assess endometrial microbiota composition, to measure the levels of α-defensin, growth factors in infertile women with viral infection. <bold>Materials and methods.</bold> 80 female infertile patients aged 26–46 years were examined divided into two groups: main group — women with endometrium-bearing viruses found in their (25 patients), and comparison group — 55 women without endometrium-bearing viruses. The endometrial microbiota was studied using molecular biological tests. α-Defensin (DEFa1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the endometrium were determined by ELISA. <bold>Results.</bold> Viruses were detected in endometrium 31.3% of the examined women. Herpesviridae viruses accounted for 34%, while Human Papillomavirus — 66%. Lactobacillus spp. most often dominated in endometrial microbiota in both groups (group 1–68% (17/25), group 2–78% (43/55)). The second most common microbial community types were Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae (Fannyhessea vaginae), which accounted for 20% and 15% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In group 1, the highest viral load was found in endometrial samples with a high concentration of L. iners, as well as upon a decline or absence of Lactobacillus spp. (p &lt; 0.05). The concentration of L. crispatus and L. jensenii was significantly higher in group 2 (p &lt; 0.05). Patients with endometrium-bearing viruses had increased DEFα levels comprising 4.32 ng/ml (0.497; 16.1) compared with patients without endometrium-bearing viruses (0.7 ng/ml (0.7; 20)), as well as decreased levels of TGFb — 2 ng/ml (0.2; 9.8) and 4.54 ng/ml (0;16), respectively (p &lt; 0.05). <bold>Conclusions</bold><bold>.</bold> Viral damage to the endometrium is associated with an increased concentration of L. iners, or with a deficiency or absence of Lactobacillus spp., as well as with an increased level of DEFα, active against viruses, and a decrease in TGF β1, indicating a violation of endometrial tissue homeostasis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирусная инфекция может препятствовать процессам имплантации, влияя на ангиогенез и рецептивность эндометрия, инвазивную активность трофобласта и нарушая баланс иммунных факторов. Цель исследования изучить микробиоту эндометрия, оценить уровни α-дефензина, факторов роста у бесплодных женщин при вирусной инфекции. <bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Обследовано 80 пациенток в возрасте 26–46 лет с бесплодием, которых разделили на две группы. Основную группу составили женщины, у которых в эндометрии обнаружены вирусы — 25 пациенток, группу сравнения — 55 женщин, у которых вирусы не обнаружены. Исследование микробиоты эндометрия проводили молекулярно-биологическими тестами. α-Дефензин (DEFa1), фактор роста фибробластов 2 (FGF2), трансформирующий фактор роста бета 1 (TGF-β1) в эндометрии определяли методом ИФА. <bold>Результаты.</bold> У 31,3% женщин в эндометрии были выявлены вирусы. На долю вирусов семейства Herpesviridae пришлось 34%, на долю Human Papillomavirus — 66%. Lactobacillus spp. наиболее часто доминировали в микробиоте эндометрия как у пациенток I группы — 68% (17/25), так и II группы — 78% (43/55). На втором месте по частоте встречаемости были типы микробного сообщества с преобладанием Gardnerella vaginalis и Atopobium vaginae (Fannyhessea vaginae), которые составили 20% и 15% в I и II группах, соответственно. В I группе наибольшая вирусная нагрузка была в образцах эндометрия с высокой концентрацией L. iners, а также при дефиците или отсутствии Lactobacillus spp. (p &lt; 0,05). Во II группе достоверно выше была концентрация L. crispatus и L. jensenii (p &lt; 0,05). У пациенток, имеющих вирусы в эндометрии, повышенный уровень DEFα — 4,32 нг/мл (0,497; 16,1) по сравнению с пациентками без вирусов 0,7 нг/мл (0,7; 20), а также пониженный уровень TGF-b — 2 нг/мл (0,2; 9,8) и 4,54 нг/мл (0; 16), соответственно (p &lt; 0,05). <bold>Выводы.</bold> Вирусное поражение эндометрия ассоциировано с повышенной концентрацией L. iners, либо с дефицитом или отсутствием Lactobacillus spp., а также с повышенным уровнем DEFα, активного в отношении вирусов, и снижением TGF-β1, свидетельствующем о нарушении тканевого гомеостаза эндометрия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>repeated implantation failures</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>endometrial microbiota</kwd><kwd>defensins</kwd><kwd>transforming growth factor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>повторные неудачи имплантации</kwd><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>микробиота эндометрия</kwd><kwd>дефензины</kwd><kwd>трансформирующий фактор роста</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Кущ А.А., Кистенева Л.Б., Климова Р.Р., Чешик С.Г. 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