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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17941</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CNT-17941</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">CAR-NK therapy: NK cell expansion exposed to HEK 293T cell line</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование клеточной линии HEK 293T в качестве активатора пролиферации NK-клеток в контексте разработки CAR-NK-терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-8783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Polina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Полина Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Research Laboratory Assistant, Laboratory of Cellular Immunity</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории прикладной вирусологии, лаборант-исследователь лаборатории клеточного иммунитета</p></bio><email>ppolite@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0769-1695</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3649-7321</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chikileva</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чикилева</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunity</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточного иммунитета</p></bio><email>irinatchikileva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-167X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8687-2387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselevskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселевский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Immunity</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией клеточного иммунитета</p></bio><email>kisele@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Experimental Therapy and Diagnostics of Tumor, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной диагностики и терапии опухолей ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>855</fpage><lpage>870</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-02"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-09"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Fedorova P.O., Chikileva I.O., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Фёдорова П.О., Чикилева И.О., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fedorova P.O., Chikileva I.O., Kiselevskiy M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фёдорова П.О., Чикилева И.О., Киселевский М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17941">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17941</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>While creating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK cells, it is necessary to conduct a stage of these immune cell enrichment. Feeder cells are most often used in methods for the effective NK cell expansion. The human embryonic kidney cell line containing the SV40 T-antigen (HEK 293T) is most often used for research purposes in various areas, since it is easily subjected to genetic modifications. This property indicates the potential for modifying HEK 293T cells to express tumor antigens or proinflammatory cytokines, which can be used to activate and enrich NK cells. In this work, we assessed the effect of unmodified HEK 293T cell culture on cytotoxicity and expression of NK and NKT cell activation markers in long-term cultivation in the presence of non-irradiated autologous feeder cells. The study used peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from healthy volunteer donors. Proliferation was stimulated using antibodies against CD3 and CD28 receptors or mitomycin C-treated HEK 293T cell culture. Cell proliferation was assessed by direct cell counting added with trypan blue dye. Cytotoxicity was determined on HG3, T47D-HER2+, K562 target cultures. Flow cytometry with labeled monoclonal antibodies was used to analyze the expression of surface receptors. Four different methods for lymphocyte activation using HEK 293T were proposed. We found that when using the HEK 293T cell line, an increased percentage of CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> cells in the population was observed in all activation modes, as well as increased expression of NK cell activation markers — NKp30 and NKG2D, in addition, the proportion of CD16<sup>+</sup> and CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes increased relative to activation with monoclonal antibodies alone. Of the proposed options for coincubation of lymphocytes with HEK 293T feeder cells, the most effective NK cells expansion was described for the protocol involving the use of the HEK 293T cell line once before the onset of incubation without proliferation additionally stimulated with monoclonal antibodies. This approach resulted in higher proportion of CD56<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes reaching to 60% as early as on day 4 of cultivation. Thus, HEK 293T cells stimulate NK cells division, therefore, they can be used as feeder cells in a CAR NK cell product development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На сегодняшний день для лечения онкологических заболеваний активно разрабатываются клеточные продукты на основе лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих химерный рецептор антигена (CAR). Так как для инфузии пациенту требуется большое количество CAR-лимфоцитов, при их получении обязательно проводится этап обогащения данных иммунных клеток. Наиболее часто в методиках для эффективной экспансии NK-клеток применяют аллогенные фидерные клетки, при контакте с которыми иммунные клетки вступают в пролиферацию. Наиболее часто в исследовательских целях различных направлений используется клеточная линия почек эмбриона человека, содержащая Т-антиген SV40 (HEK 293T), поскольку она с легкостью поддается генетическим модификациям. Высокая эффективность проводимой трансдукции указывает на потенциальную возможность модификации клеток HEK 293T с целью экспрессии опухолевых антигенов или провоспалительных цитокинов, что может быть использовано для активации и обогащения NK-клеток. В данной работе проводилась оценка воздействия немодифицированной культуры клеток HEK 293T на цитотоксичность и экспрессию активационных маркеров NK- и NKT-клеток в режиме длительного культивирования в присутствии необлученных аутологичных фидерных клеток. В исследовании использовали мононуклеарные клетки периферической крови здоровых доноров-добровольцев. Стимуляцию пролиферации проводили с помощью антител к CD3- и CD28-рецепторам или обработанной митомицином С культуры клеток HEK 293T. Пролиферацию клеток оценивали путем прямого подсчета их количества в присутствии красителя трипанового синего. Цитотоксичность определяли на культурах-мишенях HG3, T47D-HER2+, K562. Для анализа экспрессии поверхностных рецепторов проводили проточную цитометрию с помощью меченых моноклональных антител. Было предложено четыре различных способа активации лимфоцитов с помощью HEK 293T. Мы обнаружили, что при использовании клеточной линии HEK 293T при всех режимах активации наблюдалось увеличение доли CD3<sup>–</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup>клеток в популяции, а также повышенная экспрессия активационных маркеров NK-клеток — NKp30 и NKG2D, кроме того, возрастала доля CD16<sup>+</sup> и CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> лимфоцитов относительно активации только моноклональными антителами. Из предложенных вариантов соинкубации лимфоцитов с фидерными клетками HEK 293T наиболее эффективное обогащение NK-клеток было описано для протокола, предусматривающего использование клеточной линии HEK 293T однократно перед началом инкубации без дополнительной стимуляции пролиферации с помощью моноклональных антител. Такой вариант приводил к увеличению доли CD56<sup>+</sup> лимфоцитов до 60% уже на 4-й день культивирования. Таким образом, клетки линии HEK 293T стимулируют деление NK-клеток, следовательно, могут быть использованы в качестве фидерных клеток при разработке CAR-NK-клеточного продукта. Поскольку HEK 293T легко поддается генетическим модификациям, то в дальнейшем возможно создание модифицированной культуры HEK 293T, способной обогащать популяцию NK-клеток с большей эффективностью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CAR therapy</kwd><kwd>CAR NK therapy</kwd><kwd>expansion of NK cells</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>allogeneic feeder cells</kwd><kwd>HEK 293T</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CAR-терапия</kwd><kwd>CAR-NK-терапия</kwd><kwd>обогащение NK-клеток</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>аллогенные фидерные клетки</kwd><kwd>HEK 293T</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Гельм Ю.В., Пасова И.А., Гривцова Л.Ю., Константинова Т.В., Михайловский Н.В., Рыбачук В.А., Абакушина Е.В., Иванов С.А., Каприн А.Д. Опыт культивирования NK-клеток человека с фидерными клетками in vitro // Медицинская иммунология. 2022. Т. 24, № 3. С. 481–490. 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