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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17940</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-STI-17940</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Signal transduction in immune cells and extracellular matrix role in viral tick-borne encephalitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сигнальная трансдукция в клетках иммунной системы и роль внеклеточного матрикса при вирусном клещевом энцефалите</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7801-1840</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7788-7339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokrylova</surname><given-names>Jeanne P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белокрылова</surname><given-names>Жанна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории клещевого энцефалита и других вирусных энцефалитов</p></bio><email>jsanchezpimentel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Drugs of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАНУ Федеральный научный центр исследований и разработки иммунобиологических препаратов им. М.П. Чумакова РАН (Институт полиомиелита)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>826</fpage><lpage>836</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-30"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-23"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Belokrylova J.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Белокрылова Ж.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belokrylova J.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белокрылова Ж.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17940">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17940</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus <italic>Orthoflavivirus</italic>, consisting of <italic>Flaviviridae</italic>, is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis, a neuroviral disease, the severity of which varies from mild (febrile form) to severe and life-threatening course (meningoencephalitic form or encephalomyelitis). Tick-borne encephalitis virus is widespread in the countries of Eastern, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, as well as in Northern China, Mongolia and Russia. In endemic areas, about 12 000 cases of tick-borne encephalitis are recorded annually, which affects socio-economic parameters and poses a serious threat to public health. To date, only vaccination is a verified measure for specific prevention of tick-borne encephalitis; no etiotropic approaches for tick-borne encephalitis exist. However, the inactivated vaccines currently available on the market and in use exert a relatively short immunological memory. In recent years, there has been increasingly evident that the susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis virus and disease severity are determined not only by the pathogen properties but also by the host genetic factors. In this review, we attempted to summarize previous studies and assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes of innate immunity and the extracellular matrix on susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis. We have identified the following markers of susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis: TLR3 rs3775291; DDX58 rs3739674; OAC2 rs1293762; IFIT1 rs304478; CD209 rs2287886; CCR5 CCR5∆32; IL10 rs1800872; ABCB9 rs4148866; COL22A1 rs4909444; MMP9 rs17576. The review presents studies corroborating as significant influence of innate immunity at the time of the emergence of infectious diseases, identified potential single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes responsible for immune signaling and confirmatory results on overall resistance or resistance to viral invasion. However, further validated studies in larger areas and worldwide association studies (GWAS) are needed for a better understanding. The availability of data on genetic markers that reliably affect tick-borne encephalitis allows to identify patients at risk, individualize vaccination and apply proper therapeutic strategies in the future, as well as provide new data on determining the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis and the host-virus interaction during infection.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирус клещевого энцефалита, представитель рода <italic>Orthoflavivirus</italic> семейства <italic>Flaviviridae</italic> является возбудителем клещевого энцефалита. Клещевой энцефалит — нейровирусное заболевание, тяжесть которого варьируется от легкого течения (лихорадочная форма) болезни до тяжелого и опасного для жизни (менингоэнцефалитическая форма или энцефаломиелитическая форма). Вирус клещевого энцефалита распространен в странах Восточной, Центральной, Северной и Западной Европы, а также в Северном Китае, Монголии и России. На эндемичных территориях регистрируется порядка 12 000 случаев клещевого энцефалита в год, что оказывает влияние на социально-экономические факторы и представляет серьезную проблему для общественного здравоохранения. На сегодняшний день только вакцинация является единственной гарантированной мерой специфической профилактики клещевого энцефалита, а способов специфического лечения клещевого энцефалита не существует. Однако инактивированные вакцины, существующие на рынке и применяемые в настоящее время, обладают относительно короткой иммунологической памятью. В последние годы появляется все больше свидетельств о том, что восприимчивость к заболеванию, вызванному вирусом клещевого энцефалита, и тяжесть его течения зависят не только от свойств возбудителя, но и от генетических факторов хозяина. В этом обзоре были обобщены исследования предыдущих лет и предпринята попытка оценки влияния однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов в генах врожденного иммунитета и внеклеточного матрикса на предрасположенность к клещевому энцефалиту. Отмечены следующие маркеры восприимчивости к клещевому энцефалиту: TLR3 rs3775291; DDX58 rs3739674; OAS2 rs1293762; IFIT1 rs304478; CD209 rs2287886; CCR5 CCR5∆32; IL10 rs1800872; ABCB9 rs4148866; COL22A1 rs4909444; MMP9 rs17576. В обзоре приведены результаты исследований, которые подтверждают положение о значительном влиянии врожденного иммунитета при поражении инфекционными заболеваниями, выявлены потенциальные однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы в генах, ответственных за сигнальную иммунную трансдукцию, и оказывающие влияние на восприимчивость или устойчивость к вирусной инвазии. Однако для лучшего понимания необходимы дальнейшие валидированные исследования в более крупных когортах и исследования ассоциаций по всему геному (GWAS). Наличие информации о генетических маркерах, достоверно влияющих на инфицирование клещевым энцефалитом, позволит определять пациентов из группы риска, индивидуализировать вакцинопрофилактику и применять адекватные стратегии терапии в будущем, а также даст новые сведения для понимания патогенеза клещевого энцефалита и взаимодействия хозяин–вирус при инфицировании.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tick-borne encephalitis virus</kwd><kwd>flavivirus infections</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide polymorphisms</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус клещевого энцефалита</kwd><kwd>флавивирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Минобрнауки России госзадание</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>гос. регистрации  Инв. № 415</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Бархаш А.В., Юрченко А.А., Юдин Н.С., Козлова И.В., Борищук И.А., Смольникова М.В., Зайцева О.И., Позднякова Л.Л., Воевода М.И., Ромащенко А.Г. 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