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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17934</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ETI-17934</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Exploring the impact of gut microbiota on epilepsy pathogenesis in Krushinsky–Molodkina rats</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение влияния микробиоты кишечника на патогенез эпилепсии у крыс Крушинского–Молодкиной</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bidzhiev</surname><given-names>Alim Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Биджиев</surname><given-names>Алим Зейтунович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской бактериологии</p></bio><email>alimbj09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Professor of the Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, зав. лабораторией медицинской бактериологии, профессор кафедры микробиологии</p></bio><email>alimbj09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivlev</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивлев</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry of Cellular Functions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории сравнительной биохимии клеточных функций</p></bio><email>alimbj09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончарова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Departmentof Medical Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology, PediatricResearch and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской бактериологии, младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела медицинской микробиологии и молекулярной эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>alimbj09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhanova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажанова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Lead Researcher, Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry of Cellular Functions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории сравнительной биохимии клеточных функций</p></bio><email>alimbj09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Федеральный научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1080</fpage><lpage>1086</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-11"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-16"><day>16</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bidzhiev A.Z., Kraeva L.A., Ivlev A.P., Goncharova A.R., Bazhanova E.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Биджиев А.З., Краева Л.А., Ивлев А.П., Гончарова А.Р., Бажанова Е.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bidzhiev A.Z., Kraeva L.A., Ivlev A.P., Goncharova A.R., Bazhanova E.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Биджиев А.З., Краева Л.А., Ивлев А.П., Гончарова А.Р., Бажанова Е.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17934">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17934</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The gut–brain axis represents a bidirectional communication network that integrates neural, endocrine, and immune pathways with intestinal microbiota-derived signals. Disruption of this system, often resulting from gut microbiota dysbiosis, has been increasingly associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Understanding a crosstalk between host genetics, microbiota composition, and neuroinflammatory processes is therefore crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying brain health and disease. In the present study, we investigated gut microbiota composition in two genetically distinct rat Wistar and Krushinsky–Molodkina (KM) strains, and further assessed the effects of kindling-induced epileptogenesis and associated neuroinflammation on the KM microbiota. Our analyses revealed notable inter-group alterations in microbial composition. In particular, <italic>Enterococcus hirae</italic> abundance differed significantly between Wistar and KM control rats, while <italic>Streptococcus hyointestinalis</italic> exhibited changes between the KM control and KM kindling groups. Furthermore, we observed a reduced relative abundance of <italic>Lactobacillus murinus</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus reuteri</italic> in KM control rats compared with both Wistar and KM kindling animals. In parallel, we observed altered expression of NF-κB p65 in the temporal lobe white matter. Specifically, Wistar vs KM control rats displayed lower NF-κB p65 expression, whereas KM kindling rats showed reduced expression compared to the KM control group. Such alterations in NF-kB p65 expression correlate with observed shifts in abundance of <italic>Lactobacillus murinus</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus reuteri</italic>, suggesting a link between microbiota composition and neuroinflammatory processes. These findings provide deeper insight into the multifaceted interplay between host genetic background, neuroinflammation, and gut microbial composition. The results suggest that differences in bacterial taxa, particularly within <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> species, may be linked to NF-κB-mediated processes in the brain, thereby shaping the pathophysiological landscape of neurological disorders. Further investigations are required to better understand the complex crosstalk between host genetics, brain and gut microbiota, and their implication for health and disease.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ось кишечник–мозг — это двунаправленная коммуникационная система, которая включает в себя сложные взаимодействия между кишечником и мозгом. Дисбактериоз кишечной микробиоты, характеризующийся дисбалансом в ее составе, был связан с несколькими неврологическими расстройствами — депрессией, болезнью Альцгеймера, болезнью Паркинсона и другими. В этой статье мы ставим своей целью проанализировать микробиоту кишечника двух генетически различных линий крыс — Wistar и Крушинского–Молодкиной (КМ) — и оценить влияние киндлинга и связанного с ним нейровоспаления на микробиоту кишечника крыс КМ. Методы исследования включали в себя классические бактериологические, биологические на моделях крыс двух линий Wistar и КМ, масс-спектрометрический метод идентификации бактерий, вестерн-блоттинг для исследования срезов коры височной доли и белого вещества мозга крыс, статистические методы анализа данных. <italic>Результаты.</italic> Наши результаты свидетельствуют об изменениях в составе микробиоты у крыс разных линий: <italic>Enterococcus hirae</italic> преобладали у линии КМ, <italic>Streptococcus hyointestinalis</italic> — у крыс линии КМ (киндлинг). Низкая численность <italic>Lactobacillus murinus</italic> и <italic>Lactobacillus reuteri</italic> отмечена в контрольной группе по сравнению с крысами линии Wistar и крысами линии КМ, подвергнутых киндлингу. В белом веществе височной доли у крыс линии Wistar был обнаружен более низкий уровень экспрессии NF-κB p65 по сравнению с контрольной группой KM, и экспрессия этого белка в группе KM, подвергнутых киндлингу, была ниже по сравнению с контрольной группой KM. Эти изменения в экспрессии NF-κB p65 коррелируют с наблюдаемыми изменениями в численности <italic>Lactobacillus murinus</italic> и <italic>Lactobacillus reuteri</italic>, которые, будучи гетероферментирующими бактериями, могут продуцировать метаболиты, способствующие изменениям в биохимической среде организма. Обнаруженное размножение этих видов бактерий в ответ на аудиогенные стимулы может потенциально повлиять на уровень экспрессии NF-κB p65 в организме хозяина. Данные результаты подчеркивают роль кишечной микробиоты как перспективной терапевтической мишени при эпилепсии и указывают на возможность влияния на патогенез заболевания путем модуляции ее состава с помощью пробиотиков или коррекции диеты. <italic>Выводы.</italic> Результаты этого исследования могут способствовать лучшему пониманию сложных взаимодействий между генетикой хозяина, мозгом и микробиотой кишечника, а также их последствий для возникновения патологических состояний и сохранением или восстановлением здоровья.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>gut-brain axis</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus murinus</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus reuteri</kwd><kwd>NF-kB p65</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>кишечная микрофлора</kwd><kwd>ось кишечник–мозг</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus murinus</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus reuteri</kwd><kwd>NF-kB p65</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Бажанова Е.Д., Козлов А.А. 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