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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17932</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CLA-17932</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cytokine levels and FOXP3 gene expression in the blood of patients with various stage of pulmonary sarcoidosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уровень цитокинов и экспрессия гена FOXP3 в крови больных саркоидозом легких при разных вариантах течения заболевания</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malysheva</surname><given-names>Irina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышева</surname><given-names>Ирина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Centre of Biomedical Research, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник Центра медико-биологических исследований, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики</p></bio><email>i.e.malysheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Topchieva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топчиева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики</p></bio><email>i.e.malysheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balan</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балан</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Centre of Biomedical Research, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник Центра медико-биологических исследований, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики</p></bio><email>i.e.malysheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbatova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбатова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генетики</p></bio><email>i.e.malysheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonovich</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонович</surname><given-names>Э. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Respiratory Therapy Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. отделением респираторной терапии </p></bio><email>i.e.malysheva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Карельский научный центр Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии — обособленное подразделение ФГБУН Федерального исследовательского центра «Карельский научный центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Baranov Republican Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская больница им. В.А. Баранова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1121</fpage><lpage>1129</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-07"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Malysheva I.E., Topchieva L.V., Balan O.V., Kurbatova I.V., Tikhonovich E.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Малышева И.Е., Топчиева Л.В., Балан О.В., Курбатова И.В., Тихонович Э.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malysheva I.E., Topchieva L.V., Balan O.V., Kurbatova I.V., Tikhonovich E.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малышева И.Е., Топчиева Л.В., Балан О.В., Курбатова И.В., Тихонович Э.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17932">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17932</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The cytokine concentration may be related to the level of inflammation and clinical features of diseases. The study was aimed to evaluate blood plasma level for TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β, IL-10 and FOXP3 gene expression in patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> Patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) enrolled in the study were characterized by chronic, progressive and active forms at PS stage 2. Control group was formed by conditionally healthy individuals. The cytokine (TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β, IL-10) concentration was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze FOXP3 gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). <italic>Results.</italic> The high levels of plasma TNFα and sTNFRII were detected in patients with progressive and active PS vs chronic PS (p = 0.0263, p = 0.0321 and p = 0.0012, p = 0.0009, respectively). Concentration of IL-1β was higher in active PS rather than in chronic and progressive PS (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0020, respectively). The IL-10 plasma level in patients from all studied groups was lower compare to healthy individuals (p = 0.0009, p = 0.00009, p = 0.0004, respectively). A decreased number of PBL FOXP3 gene transcripts was found in patients with progressive and active PS (p = 0.0008 compared with healthy individuals and patients with chronic PS). <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The level of cytokines in patients with PS is determined by disease clinical features. Upregulated proinflammatory factor (TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β) level as well as downregulated FOXP3 gene expression and the IL-10 concentration may suggest about potentiated inflammatory reactions in patients with progressive and active PS. To clarify disease clinical presentation, it is crucial to gain more information about the molecular biomarker dynamics mirroring magnitude of inflammation in PS. In addition, it is also required to propose proper therapy and its refinement. Moreover, the data obtained can be used to assess pathogenetic mechanisms underlying disease development and progression.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Содержание цитокинов может быть связано с уровнем воспаления и клинической картиной заболевания. Цель исследования заключалась в оценке содержания TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β, IL-10 в плазме крови и количества транскриптов гена FOXP3 в лейкоцитах периферической крови у больных при разных клинических формах течения саркоидоза легких (СЛ). <italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> В исследование включены СЛ с II стадией развития заболевания с хроническим, прогрессирующим и активным течением заболевания. Контрольная группа сформирована условно здоровыми донорами. Содержание цитокинов (TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β, IL-10) в плазме крови исследовали методом иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА). Полимеразная цепная реакция в режиме реального времени (ПЦР-РВ) была использована для анализа экспрессии гена FOXP3 в лейкоцитах периферической крови. <italic>Результаты.</italic> Высокие уровни TNFα и его рецепторов II типа (sTNFRII) были обнаружены в плазме крови больных c прогрессирующим и активным течением заболевания в сравнении с пациентами с хронической формой (p = 0,026, p = 0,032 и p = 0,001, p = 0,001 соответственно). У пациентов с активной формой течения заболевания концентрация IL-1β в плазме крови была выше, чем у пациентов с хроническим и прогрессирующим саркоидозом (p &lt; 0,001 и p = 0,002 соответственно). Уровень IL-10 в плазме крови больных всех исследуемых групп был ниже, чем у здоровых индивидов (p = 0,001, p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,001 соответственно). Снижение количества транскриптов гена FOXP3 выявлено в ЛПК больных прогрессирующим и активным СЛ (р = 0,001 при сравнении со здоровыми индивидами и больными хронической формой СЛ). <italic>Заключение.</italic> Уровень цитокинов у больных СЛ определяется клинической картиной заболевания. Повышение уровня провоспалительных факторов в плазме крови (TNFα, sTNFRII, IL-1β), а также снижение экспрессии гена FOXP3 и содержания IL-10 может свидетельствовать об усилении воспалительных реакций у больных СЛ с прогрессирующим и активным течением заболевания. Для уточнения клинической картины заболевания важное значение имеет информация о динамике молекулярных биомаркеров, отражающих степень развития воспаления при СЛ. Эта информация также необходима для назначения и коррекции проводимой терапии. Кроме того, результаты проведенного исследования могут быть использованы для изучения патогенетических механизмов развития и прогрессирования заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulmonary sarcoidosis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>transcription factor</kwd><kwd>cytokine content</kwd><kwd>FOXP3 gene</kwd><kwd>expression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркоидоз легких</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>транскрипционный фактор</kwd><kwd>содержание цитокинов</kwd><kwd>ген FOXP3</kwd><kwd>экспрессия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Government</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alavi Foumani G.S., Geranmayeh S., Tangestani Nejad A., Pour Kazemi A., Kazem Nejad Leili E., Jafari A., Amooei Khanabbasi M. 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