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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17808</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-IBE-17808</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Interplay between endometrial microbiota and antimicrobial peptides in women with different infertility forms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Взаимодействие микробиоты эндометрия с антимикробными пептидами у женщин с разными формами бесплодия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalepo</surname><given-names>Kira V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалепо</surname><given-names>Кира Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Storozheva</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сторожева</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krysanova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крысанова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Budilovskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Будиловская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Experimental Microbiology Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник группы экспериментальной микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopylova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копылова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tapilskaya</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тапильская</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Reproduction Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела репродукции</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savicheva</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савичева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Medical Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, зав. отделом медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bespalova</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беспалова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Deputy Director for Scientific Work</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зам. директора по научной работе</p></bio><email>2474151@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ НИИ акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology", St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д.О. Отта», г. Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-11-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Shalepo K.V., Storozheva K.V., Krysanova A.A., Budilovskaya O.V., Khusnutdinova T.A., Kopylova A.A., Tapilskaya N.I., Savicheva A.M., Bespalova O.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Шалепо К.В., Сторожева К.В., Крысанова А.А., Будиловская О.В., Хуснутдинова Т.А., Копылова А.А., Тапильская Н.И., Савичева А.М., Беспалова О.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shalepo K.V., Storozheva K.V., Krysanova A.A., Budilovskaya O.V., Khusnutdinova T.A., Kopylova A.A., Tapilskaya N.I., Savicheva A.M., Bespalova O.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шалепо К.В., Сторожева К.В., Крысанова А.А., Будиловская О.В., Хуснутдинова Т.А., Копылова А.А., Тапильская Н.И., Савичева А.М., Беспалова О.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17808">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17808</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Introduction.</italic> Antimicrobial peptides able to induce immune disorders and inflammation in the uterine cavity are tightly bound to microbial composition of the upper and lower reproductive tract. An interplay between uterine microbiota and innate and adaptive immune system is crucial for maintaining a balanced environment for embryo implantation processes. Objective: to evaluate an interplay between endometrial microbiota and antimicrobial peptides in women with different infertility forms. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> A total of 181 reproductive age women were examined. Group I included 165 women with infertility of various origins, Group II included 16 oocyte donors. Group I was divided into three subgroups (IA — adhesions in the uterine cavity, IB — endometrial polyps, IB — other infertility forms). The endometrial microbiota was studied using quantitative real-time PCR (Femoflor 16, DNA-technology, Moscow). Defensin (DEFa1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), transforming growth factor Beta1 (TGF-β1) in the endometrium were determined using ELISA (Cloud-Clone Corporation, Wuhan, China). <italic>Results.</italic> Lactobacilli were most frequently detected in the endometrium. <italic>Atopobium vaginae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnobacterium </italic>spp.<italic>, Mobiluncus </italic>spp.<italic>, Peptostreptococcus, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma </italic>spp. were also found in main group, but not in comparison group. All patients in group I, regardless of the infertility form, had significantly increased DEFa1 (p &lt; 0.01) level compared to group II. High concentrations of DEFa1 were also found when <italic>Atopobium vaginae</italic> was detected in the uterine cavity of women with any infertility form (p &lt; 0.001). <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The endometrial microbiota and related immune changes are closely interconnected. Infertility increases the concentration of defensins (DEFa1) in the uterine cavity, leading to disturbed processes of embryo implantation, whereas the presence of microorganisms primarily <italic>Atopobium vaginae</italic>, aggravates such alterations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Введение.</italic> Антимикробные пептиды, которые могут приводить к иммунным нарушениям и развитию воспаления в полости матки, находятся в тесном взаимодействии с микробным составом верхних и нижних репродуктивных путей. Взаимосвязь микробиоты полости матки и врожденной и адаптивной иммунной системы играет важную роль в поддержании сбалансированной среды для процессов имплантации эмбриона. Цель — оценка взаимодействия микробиоты эндометрия с антимикробными пептидами у женщин с разными формами бесплодия. <italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> Обследована 181 женщина репродуктивного возраста. I группу составили 165 женщин с бесплодием разного генеза, II группу 16 доноров ооцитов. В I группе выделены три подгруппы (IА — синехии в полости матки, IБ — полипы эндометрия, IВ — прочие формы бесплодия). Микробиоту эндометрия исследовали методом количественной ПЦР в реальном времени (Фемофлор 16, ДНК-технология, Москва). Дефензин (DEFa1), фактор роста фибробластов 2 (FGF2), трансформирующий фактор роста бета 1 (TGF-β1) в эндометрии определяли методом ИФА (Cloud-Clone Corporation, Ухань, КНР). <italic>Результаты.</italic> В эндометрии наиболее часто выявлялись лактобациллы. В основной группе выявлены также <italic>Atopobium vaginae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnobacterium </italic>spp.<italic>, Mobiluncus </italic>spp.<italic>, Peptostreptococcus, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma </italic>spp., а в группе сравнения эти микроорганизмы не выявлялись. У всех пациенток I группы, независимо от формы бесплодия, по сравнению со II группой были статистически значимо повышены DEFa1 (р &lt; 0,01). Высокие концентрации DEFa1 также были обнаружены при выявлении <italic>Atopobium vaginae</italic> в полости матки у женщин с любыми формами бесплодия (р &lt; 0,001). <italic>Заключение.</italic> Микробиота эндометрия и происходящие в нем иммунные изменения тесно взаимосвязаны. При бесплодии в полости матки повышается концентрация дефензинов (DEFa1), приводящая к нарушениям процессов имплантации эмбриона, а наличие микроорганизмов, особенно <italic>Atopobium vaginae</italic>, усугубляет эти нарушения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>defensins</kwd><kwd>endometrium</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>transforming growth factor</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дефензины</kwd><kwd>эндометрий</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>трансформирующий фактор роста</kwd><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id>ФНИ № 1021062512052-5-3.2.2</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Савина В.А., Исакова Э.В., Корсак В.С. 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