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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17789</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-HPI-17789</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Human papillomavirus in vulvar cancer: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вирус папилломы человека при раке вульвы: систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgasheva</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгашева</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimova</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимова</surname><given-names>М. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsydenova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыденова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaptulbarova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаптулбарова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsyganov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыганов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litviakov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвяков</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Oncovirology, Research Institute of Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией онковирусологии НИИ онкологии</p></bio><email>imk1805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ онкологии Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-11-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>257</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-10"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-10"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Dolgasheva D.S., Ibragimova М.К., Kravtsova Е.А., Tsydenova I.А., Gaptulbarova К.А., Tsyganov М.М., Litviakov N.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Долгашева Д.С., Ибрагимова М.К., Кравцова Е.А., Цыденова И.А., Гаптулбарова К.А., Цыганов М.М., Литвяков Н.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgasheva D.S., Ibragimova М.К., Kravtsova Е.А., Tsydenova I.А., Gaptulbarova К.А., Tsyganov М.М., Litviakov N.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгашева Д.С., Ибрагимова М.К., Кравцова Е.А., Цыденова И.А., Гаптулбарова К.А., Цыганов М.М., Литвяков Н.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17789">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17789</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Being considered as one of the most difficult to cure, vulvar malignant neoplasms belong to rare oncopathologies of the female reproductive system. It is established that vulvar squamous cell cancer develops via two pathways. In the first scenario, the tumor may develop during vulvar dystrophic diseases such as scleroatrophic lichen and differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia. Another opportunity is directly related to HPV infection. Highly oncogenic HPV types are known to be associated with cervical carcinogenesis and are involved in developing vulvar, vaginal, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, which are considered precursors to carcinomas. In recent decades, a rise in incidence of vulvar cancer developed after preceding degenerative processes was noted. A relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer has long been known and confirmed, so an issue regarding a potential relation between the etiology of vulvar cancer and of HPV remains relevant. The aim of the paper is to systematize and analyze the study data on vulvar carcinogenesis related to HPV infection.</p> <p>Materials and methods. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. A literature review was conducted by analyzing studies published between 1993 and 2024. The review included papers in which HPV was found in more than one case of vulvar tumor and if HPV DNA was detected by using polymerase chain reaction. Initially 249 articles were selected, 25 papers were included in the qualitative analysis, from which 6 case-control studies that fully met the specified inclusion criteria were further analyzed. Overall HPV prevalence was calculated as the percentage of all HPV tested cases.</p> <p>Results. A high prevalence of papillomavirus infection in vulvar tumors was shown (31%), with HPV type 16 occurring in the vast majority of cases. The prevalence of HPV in vulvar tumors in case-control studies was 30% (OR = 10.46).</p> <p>Conclusion. The results of the current systematic review confirmed that HPV infection is a key risk factor for developing vulvar malignancies. We demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV infection in vulvar tumors. In addition, a high incidence of highly oncogenic HPV types in tumor tissue was shown.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Злокачественные новообразования вульвы относятся к редким онкопатологиям женской репродуктивной системы, и считаются одними из самых трудноизлечимых. Установлено, что плоскоклеточный рак вульвы имеет два пути развития. В первом случае опухоль может развиваться на фоне дистрофических заболеваний вульвы, таких как склероатрофический лихен и дифференцированная интраэпителиальная неоплазия. Другой путь связан непосредственно с наличием ВПЧ-инфекции. Давно известно, что высокоонкогенные типы ВПЧ напрямую связаны с канцерогенезом шейки матки, а также участвуют в развитии вульварных, вагинальных и анальных интраэпителиальных неоплазий, которые считаются предшественниками карцином. В последние десятилетия отмечается рост числа пациенток с раком вульвы, развившимся на фоне предшествующих дистрофических процессов. Ассоциация вируса папилломы человека и рака шейки матки давно известна и подтверждена, а потому вопрос о возможной связи этиологии рака вульвы с наличием ВПЧ является актуальным. Цель данной работы — систематизация и анализ результатов исследований, касающихся канцерогенеза вульвы в присутствии инфекции ВПЧ.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Поиск литературы проводился с использованием баз данных PubMed, Web of Science и поискового сервиса Google Scholar. Обзор литературы осуществлялся по всем исследованиям, опубликованным с 1993 по 2024 г. В обзор включались работы, в которых имелись данные о наличии ВПЧ более чем в одном случае опухоли вульвы, а также если ДНК ВПЧ была найдена с помощью метода полимеразной цепной реакции. Первично было отобрано 249 статей, в качественный анализ вошли 25 работ, из которых в дальнейшем отобрали 6 исследований типа «случай–контроль», полностью соответствующих заданным критериям включения. Общая распространенность ВПЧ была рассчитана как процент от всех случаев, протестированных на ВПЧ.</p> <p>Результаты. Показана высокая распространенность папилломавирусной инфекции в опухолях вульвы (31%), при этом 16 тип ВПЧ встречался в подавляющем большинстве случаев. Распространенность ВПЧ при злокачественных новообразованиях вульвы в исследованиях типа «случай–контроль» составила 30% (OR = 10,46), при этом частота встречаемости ВПЧ в контрольной группе составила менее 3%.</p> <p>Выводы. Результаты проведенного систематического обзора подтвердили, что ВПЧ-инфекциия является ключевым фактором риска развития злокачественных новообразований вульвы. В данном исследовании мы продемонстрировали высокую распространенность папилломавирусной инфекции в опухолях вульвы. Кроме того, показана высокая частота встречаемости высокоонкогенных типов ВПЧ в опухолевой ткани.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vulvar cancer</kwd><kwd>vulvar neoplasms</kwd><kwd>papillomavirus infection</kwd><kwd>human papillomavirus</kwd><kwd>HPV</kwd><kwd>high carcinogenic risk</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак вульвы</kwd><kwd>новообразования вульвы</kwd><kwd>папилломавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>вирус папилломы человека</kwd><kwd>ВПЧ</kwd><kwd>высокий канцерогенный риск</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Бабаева Н.А., Ашрафян Л.А., Антонова И.Б., Алешикова О.И., Ивашина С.В., Баранов И.И. Современный взгляд на этиологию и патогенез предраковых заболеваний и рака вульвы // Акушерство и гинекология: новости мнения, обучение. 2019. Т. 7, № 1. С. 31–38. [Babaeva N.A., Ashrafyan L.A., Antonova I.B., Aleshikova O.I., Ivashina S.V., Baranov I.I. 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