<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1777</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-POT-1777</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Proteins of the lectin pathway of the complement system activation: immunobiological functions, genetics and involvement in the pathogenesis of human diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Протеины лектинового пути активации системы комплемента: иммунобиологические функции, генетика и участие в патогенезе заболеваний человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-2029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolnikova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смольникова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Molecular Genetic Research Group, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., руководитель группы молекулярногенетических исследований, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>smarinv@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-7859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tereshchenko</surname><given-names>Sergey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терещенко</surname><given-names>Сергей Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Clinical Department of Somatic and Mental Health of Children</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. клиническим отделением соматического и психического здоровья детей</p></bio><email>legise@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ медицинских проблем Севера — обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ ФИЦ Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-07-28"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-14"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Smolnikova M.V., Tereshchenko S.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Смольникова М.В., Терещенко С.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smolnikova M.V., Tereshchenko S.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смольникова М.В., Терещенко С.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1777">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1777</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The complement system is the most ancient components in the innate immunity, mainly functioning to primarily eliminate bacterial agents intravascularly. Moreover, the complement complex proteins play a role as a “bridge” between the systems of innate and adaptive immunity providing adequate conditions for maturation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes. The complement system consists of plasma proteins and membrane receptors. Plasma proteins interact with each other via the three described cascade pathways — lectin (which is most ancient phylogenetically), alternative and classical. Lectins are proteins comprising a separate superfamily of pattern-recognizing receptors able to sense molecules of oligo- and polysaccharide nature and induce their aggregation. Among all the lectins, ficolins (FCN) (common domain — fibrinogen) and collectins (common domain — collagen) — mannose-binding lectin (MBL), hepatic and renal collectins have exert unique functions by complexing with carbohydrate components of microbial wall. Formation of a compound complex “microbial wall polysaccharides + collectin/ficolin + specific mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MARP)” results in the complement system activation, inflammatory reaction and bacterium elimination. Such scenario is proceeded along the lectin pathway compared to the two other pathways called classical and alternative. Examining a role of the complement system and congenital protein defects in the pathogenesis of various diseases is of topical interest because inborn deficiency of the complement components comprises at least 5% out of total primary immunodeficiency rate, whereas the aspects of their prevalence and pathogenesis remain unexplored. Relevance of investigating the complement system components for diverse populations is tremendous, taking into consideration accumulated evidence regarding an important role of the lectin pathway in viral infections. Lectins, the main proteins in the lectin pathway of the complement activation, are encoded by polymorphic genes, wherein single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) result in altered protein conformation and expression, which, in turn, affects functionality and potential to respond to a pathogen. The distribution of the lectin polymorphic gene frequencies and their haplotypes displays extremely marked population differences. According to analyzing available data, population SNP frequencies including those associated with inborn deficiencies for components of the lectin pathway have been currently scarce or unexplored. hence, here we review major lectins and their functions, their functionally significant SNPs in diverse populations and their pathogenetic importance for host defense functions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Система комплемента является древнейшим компонентом врожденного иммунитета, основной функцией которого является преимущественно интраваскулярная элиминация бактериальных агентов. Кроме того, протеины комплемента играют роль своеобразного моста между системами врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета, обеспечивая адекватные условия для созревания и дифференциации В- и Т-лимфоцитов. Система комплемента состоит из плазменных протеинов и мембранных рецепторов. Плазменные протеины взаимодействуют между собой тремя известными каскадными путями — лектиновым (наиболее филогенетически древним), альтернативным и классическим. Лектины — общий термин протеинов, формирующих отдельное суперсемейство паттерн-распознающих рецепторов, способных к распознаванию и агрегации молекул олиго- и полисахаридной природы. Среди всех лектинов уникальными функциями формирования комплексов с углеводными компонентами микробной стенки обладают фиколины (FCN) (общий домен — фибрионоген) и коллектины (общий домен — коллаген) — маннозосвязывающий лектин (MBL), печеночный и почечный коллектины. Образование сложного комплекса «полисахариды микробной стенки + коллектин/фиколин + специфические маннозосвязывающие лектин-ассоциированные сериновые протеазы (MASP)» приводит, в итоге, к активации системы комплемента, воспалительной реакции и элиминации бактерии. Такой путь активации называется лектиновым, в отличие от двух других путей — классического и альтернативного. Изучение роли системы комплемента и врожденных дефектов протеинов в патогенезе различных заболеваний крайне актуально в связи с тем, что врожденные дефициты компонентов комплемента составляют не менее 5% от общего числа первичных иммунодефицитов, тогда как аспекты их распространенности и патогенеза остаются неизученными. Актуальность изучения компонентов системы комплемента для различных популяций значительна, учитывая накапливающиеся доказательства важной роли лектинового пути в отношении вирусных инфекций. Лектины, основные протеины лектинового пути активации комплемента, кодируются полиморфными генами, точечные мутации (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) в которых приводят к изменению конформации и экспрессии белка, что в свою очередь имеет отражение на функциональности и способности отвечать на патоген. Распределение частот полиморфных генов лектинов и их гаплотипов имеет крайне выраженные популяционные различия. Согласно анализу доступных нам литературных данных, в настоящее время популяционные частоты мутаций, в том числе ассоциированных с врожденными дефицитами компонентов лектинового пути малочисленны или не изучены, поэтому в данной работе приведен обзор основных лектинов и их функции, изученных функционально значимых мутаций в различных популяциях и их патогенетической значимости для защитных функций организма.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>complement</kwd><kwd>lectins</kwd><kwd>MBL</kwd><kwd>FCN</kwd><kwd>MASP</kwd><kwd>polymorphism</kwd><kwd>ethnic differences</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>система комплемента</kwd><kwd>лектины</kwd><kwd>MBL</kwd><kwd>FCN</kwd><kwd>MASP</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>этнические отличия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North - a separate unit of the Federal Research Center of the Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the SB RAS.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера – обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Романов А.О., Беляева Т.В., Красильщикова И.В. Частота встречаемости полиморфизма +230G/A гена MBL у жителей Санкт-Петербурга // Medline.Ru. 2006. Т. 7, № 1. С. 372–377. [Romanov A.O., Belyaeva T.V., Krasilshchikova I.V. Frequency of occurrence of +230G/A polymorphism of the MBL gene in residents of St. Petersburg. Medline.Ru, 2006, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 372–377. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Aittoniemi J., Baer M., Soppi E., Vesikari T., Miettinen A. Mannan-binding lectin deficiency and concomitant immunodefects. Arch. Dis. Child., 1998, vol. 78, pp. 245–248. doi: 10.1136/adc.78.3.245</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Aittoniemi J., Miettinen A., Laippala P., Isolauri E., Viikari J., Ruuska T., Soppi E. Age-dependent variation in the serum concentration of mannan-binding protein. Acta Paediatr., 1996, vol. 85, pp. 906–909. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14182.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Akaiwa M., Yae Y., Sugimoto R., Suzuki S.O., Iwaki T., Izuhara K., Hamasaki N. Hakata antigen, a new member of the ficolin/opsonin p35 family, is a novel human lectin secreted into bronchus/alveolus and bile. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 1999, vol. 47, pp. 777–786. doi: 10.1177/002215549904700607</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ali Y.M., Ferrari M., Lynch N.J., Yaseen S., Dudler T., Gragerov S., Demopulos G., Heeney J.L., Schwaeble W.J. Lectin pathway mediates complement activation by SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Front. Immunol., 2021, vol. 12: 714511. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714511</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ali Y.M., Lynch N.J., Haleem K.S., Fujita T., EndoY., Hansen S., Holmskov U., Takahashi K., Stahl G.L., Dudler T., Girija U.V., Wallis R., Kadioglu A., Stover C.M., Andrew P.W., Schwaeble W.J. The lectin pathway of complement activation is a critical component of the innate immune response to pneumococcal infection. PLoS Pathog., 2012, vol. 8, no. 7: e1002793. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002793</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ambrosio A.R., De Messias-Reason I.J. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: interaction of mannose-binding lectin with surface glycoconjugates and complement activation. An antibody-independent defence mechanism. Parasite Immunol., 2005, vol. 27, pp. 333–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00782.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ammitzbøll C.G., Kjær T.R., Steffensen R., Stengaard-Pedersen K., Nielsen H.J., Thiel S., Bøgsted M., Jensenius J.C. Non-synonymous polymorphisms in the FCN1 gene determine ligand-binding ability and serum levels of M-ficolin. PLoS One, 2012, vol. 7, no. 11: e50585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050585</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Arai T., Tabona P., Summerfield J.A. Human mannose-binding protein gene is regulated by interleukins, dexamethasone and heat shock. Q. J. Med., 1993, vol. 86, pp. 575–582. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068848</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Areeshi M.Y., Mandal R.K., Akhter N., Dar S.A., Jawed A., Wahid M., Mahto H., Panda A.K., Lohani M., Haque S. A meta-analysis of MBL2 polymorphisms and tuberculosis risk. Sci. Rep., 2016, vol. 6: 35728. doi: 10.1038/srep35728</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bernig T., Breunis W., Brouwer N., Hutchinson A., Welch R., Roos D., Kuijpers T., Chanock S. An analysis of genetic variation across the MBL2 locus in Dutch Caucasians indicates that 3′ haplotypes could modify circulating levels of mannose-binding lectin. Hum. Genet., 2005, vol. 118, no. 3–4, pp. 404–415 doi: 10.1007/s00439-005-0053-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Bernig T., Taylor J.G., Foster C.B., Staats B., Yeager M., Chanock S.J. Sequence analysis of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) gene reveals a high degree of het-erozygosity with evidence of selection. Genes Immun., 2004, vol. 5, pp. 461–476. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Best L.G., Davidson M., North K.E., Maccluer J.W., Zhang Y., Lee E.T., Howard B.V., Decroo S., Ferrell R.E. Prospective analysis of mannose-binding lectin genotypes and coronary artery disease in American Indians: the strong heart study. Circulation, 2004, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 471–475. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000109757.95461.10</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Bjarnadottir H., Arnardottir M., Ludviksson B.R. Frequency and distribution of FCN2 and FCN3 functional variants among MBL2 genotypes. Immunogenetics, 2016, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 315–325. doi: 10.1007/s00251-016-0903-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Blom A.M., Villoutreix B.O., Dahlbäck B. Complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein-friend or foe in the innate immune system? Mol. Immunol., 2004, vol. 40, pp. 1333–1346. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2003.12.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bohlson S.S., Fraser D.A., Tenner A.J. Complement proteins C1q and MBL are pattern recognition molecules that signal immediate and long-term protective immune functions. Mol. Immunol., 2007, vol. 44, pp. 33–43. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.06.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Boldt A.B., Culpi L., Tsuneto L.T., De Souza I.R., Kun J.F., Petzl-Erler M.L. Diversity of the MBL2 gene in various Brazilian populations and the case of selection at the mannose-binding lectin locus. Hum. Immunol., 2006, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 722–734. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.05.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Boldt A.B., Goeldner I., Stahlke E.R., Thiel S., Jensenius J.C., de Messias-Reason I.J. Leprosy association with low MASP-2 levels generated by MASP2 haplotypes and polymorphisms flanking MAp19 exon 5. PLoS One, 2013, vol. 8, no. 7: e69054. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Boldt A.B., Luty A., Grobusch M.P., Dietz K., Dzeing A., Kombila M., Kremsner P.G., Kun J.F. Association of a new mannose-binding lectin variant with severe malaria in Gabonese children. Genes Immun., 2006, vol. 7, pp. 393–400. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Boldt A.B., Messias-Reason I.J., Meyer D., Schrago C.G., Lang F., Lell B., Dietz K., Kremsner P.G., Petzl-Erler M.L., Kun J.F. Phylogenetic nomenclature and evolution of mannose-binding lectin (MBL2) haplotypes. BMC Genet., 2010, vol. 11: 38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-38</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Brodszki N., Frazer-Abel A., Grumach A.S., Kirschfink M., Litzman J., Perez E., Seppänen M.R.J., Sullivan K.E., Jolles S. European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) and European Reference Network on Rare Primary Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (ERN RITA) Complement Guideline: Deficiencies, Diagnosis, and Management. J. Clin. Immunol., 2020, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 576–591. doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00754-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Cao Y., Wang X., Cao Z., Wu C., Wu D., Cheng X. Genetic polymorphisms of MBL2 and tuberculosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 22 case-control studies. Arch. Med. Sci., 2018, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1212–1232. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2017.65319</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Cedzynski M., Nuytinck L., Atkinson A.P., St Swierzko A., Zeman K., SzemraJ. J., Szala A., Turner M.L., Kilpatrick D.C. Extremes of L-ficolin concentration in children with recurrent infections are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2007, vol. 150, pp. 99–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03471.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Chalmers J.D., Mchugh B.J., Doherty C., Smith M.P., Govan J.R., Kilpatrick D.C., Hill A.T. Mannose-binding lectin deciency and disease severity in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective study. Lancet Respir. Med., 2013, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 224–232. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70001-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Charchaflieh J., Wei J., Labaze G., Hou Y.J., Babarsh B., Stutz H., Lee H., Worah M., Zhang M. The role of complement system in septic shock. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2012, vol. 2012: 407324. doi: 10.1155/2012/407324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Czerewaty M., Tarnowski M., Safranow K., Domanski L., Pawlik A. Mannose binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms in patients after renal transplantation with acute graft rejection. Transpl. Immunol., 2019, vol. 54, pp. 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.01.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Dahl M., Tybjaerg-Hansen A., Schnohr P., Nordestgaard B.G. A population-based study of morbidity and mortality in mannose-binding lectin deficiency. J. Exp. Med., 2004, vol. 199, pp. 1391–1399. doi: 10.1084/jem.20040111</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>De Rooij B.J.F., van Hoek B., ten Hove W.R., Roos A., Bouwman L.H., Schaapherder A.F., Porte R.G., Daha M.R., van der Reijden J.J., Coenraad M.J., Ringers J., Baranski A.G., Hepkema B.G., Hommes D.W., Verspaget H.W. Lectin complement pathway gene profile of donor and recipient determine the risk of bacterial infections after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology, 2010, vol. 52, pp. 1100–1110. doi: 10.1002/hep.23782</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Degn S.E., Jensen L., Gál P., Dobó J., Holmvad S.H., Jensenius J.C., Thiel S. Biological variations of MASP-3 and MAp44, two splice products of the MASP1 gene involved in regulation of the complement system. J. Immunol. Methods, 2010, vol. 361, pp. 37–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.07.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Degn S.E., Jensen L., Hansen A.G., Duman D., Tekin M., Jensenius J.C., Thiel S. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 is crucial for lectin pathway activation in human serum, whereas neither MASP-1 nor MASP-3 is required for alternative pathway function. J. Immunol., 2012, vol. 189, pp. 3957–3969. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201736</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Eisen D.P., Dean M.M., Boermeester M.A., Fidler K.J., Gordon A.C., Kronborg G., Kun J.F.J., Lau Y.L., Payeras A., Valdimarsson H., Brett S.J., Ip W.K.E., Mila J., Peters M.J., Saevarsdottir S., van Till J.W.O., Hinds C.J., McBryde E.S. Low serum mannose-binding lectin level increases the risk of death due to pneumococcal infection. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 510–516. doi: 10.1086/590006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Eisen D.P., Ostho M. If there is an evolutionary selection pressure for the high frequency of MBL2 polymorphisms, what is it? Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2014, vol. 176, no. 2, pp. 165–171. doi: 10.1111/cei.12241</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Eriksson O., Hultström M., Persson B., Lipcsey M., Ekdahl K.N., Nilsson B., Frithiof R. Mannose-binding lectin is associated with thrombosis and coagulopathy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Thromb. Haemost., 2020, vol. 120, no. 12, pp. 1720–1724. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1715835</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Ezekowitz R.A., Day L.E., Herman G.A. A human mannose-binding protein is an acute-phase reactant that shares sequence homology with other vertebrate lectins. J. ExpMed., 1988, vol. 167, pp. 1034–1046. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.3.1034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Fisch U.P., Zehnder A., Hirt A., Niggli F.K., Simon A., Ozsahin H., Schlapbach L.J., Ammann R.A. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine protease-2 in children with cancer. Swiss Med. Wkly, 2011, vol. 141: w13191. doi: 10.4414/smw.2011.13191</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Garcia-Laorden M.I., Sole-Violan J., Rodriguez de Castro F., Aspa J., Briones M.L., Garcia-Saavedra A., Rajas O., Blanquer J., Caballero-Hidalgo A., Marcos-Ramos J.A., Hernandez-Lopez J., Rodriguez-Gallego C. Mannose-binding lectin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 in susceptibility, severity, and outcome of pneumonia in adults. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2008, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 368–374. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Garred P., Honore C., Ma Y.J., Munthe-Fog L., Hummelshøj T. MBL2, FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3 — the genes behind the initiation of the lectin pathway of complement. Mol. Immunol., 2009, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 2737–2744. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Hegele R.A., Busch C.P., Young T.K., Connelly P.W., Cao H. Mannose-binding lectin gene variation and cardiovascular disease in Canadian inuit. Clin. Chem., 1999, vol. 45, no. 8 (pt 1), pp. 1283–1285. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/45.8.1283</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Heitzeneder S., Seidel M., Förster-Wald l.E., Heitger A. Mannan-binding lectin deficiency — good news, bad news, doesn’t matter? Clin. Immunol., 2012, vol. 143, pp. 22–38. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Héja D., Harmat V., Fodor K., Wilmanns M., Dobó J., Kékesi K.A. Monospecific inhibitors show that both mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) and -2 are essential for lectin pathway activation and reveal structural plasticity of MASP-2. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, vol. 287, pp. 20290–20300. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.354332</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Héja D., Kocsis A., Dobó J., Szilágyi K., Szász R., Závodszky P., Pál G., Gál P. Revised mechanism of complement lectin-pathway activation revealing the role of serine protease MASP-1 as the exclusive activator of MASP-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2012, vol. 109, pp. 10498–10503. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202588109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Herpers B.L., Immink M.M., de Jong B.A., van Velzen-Blad H., de Jongh B.M., van Hannen E.J. Coding and non-coding polymorphisms in the lectin pathway activator L-ficolin gene in 188 Dutch blood bank donors. Mol. Immunol., 2006, vol. 43, pp. 851–855. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.06.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Holmberg V., Onkamo P., Lahtela E., Lahermo P., Bedu-Addo G., Mockenhaupt F.P., Meri S. Mutations of complement lectin pathway genes MBL2 and MASP2 associated with placental malaria. Malar J., 2012, vol. 11: 61. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-61</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Hummelshøj T., Fog L.M., Madsen H.O., Sim R.B., Garred P. Comparative study of the human ficolins reveals unique features of ficolin-3 (Hakata antigen). Mol. Immunol., 2008, vol. 45, pp. 1623–1632. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Hummelshøj T., Munthe-Fog L., Madsen H.O., Fujita T., Matsushita M., Garred P. Polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene determine serum variation and function of ficolin-2. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2005, vol. 14, pp. 1651–1658. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Ingels C., Vanhorebeek I., Steffensen R., Derese I., Jensen L., Wouters P.J., Hermans G., Thiel S., den Berghe G.V. Lectin pathway of complement activation and relation with clinical complications in critically ill children. Pediatr. Res., 2014, vol. 75, pp. 99–108. doi: 10.1038/pr.2013.180</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Ip W.K.E., Chan K.H., Law H.K.W., Tso G.H.W., Kong E.K.P., Wong W.H.S., To Y.F., Yung R.W.H., Chow E.Y., Au K.L., Chan E.Y.T., Lim W., Jensenius J.C., Turner M.W., Peiris J.S.M., Lau Y.L. Mannose-binding lectin in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 2005, vol. 191, no. 10, pp. 1697–1704. doi: 10.1086/429631</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Jack D., Turner M. Antimicrobial activities of mannose-binding lectin. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2003, vol. 31, pp. 753–757. doi: 10.1042/bst0310753</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Jensen P.H., Laursen I., Matthiesen F., Højrup P. Post translational modifications in human plasma MBL and human recombinant MBL. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 2007, vol. 1774, pp. 335–344. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.12.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Kang H.J., Lee S.-M., Lee H.-H., Kim J.Y., Lee B.-C., Yum J.-S., Moon H.M., Lee B.L. Mannose-binding lectin without the aid of its associated serine proteases alters lipopolysaccharide-mediated cytokine/chemokine secretion from human endothelial cells. Immunology, 2007, vol. 122, pp. 335–342. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02644.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Kilpatrick D. Mannan-binding lectin and its role in innate immunity. Transfus. Med., 2003, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 335–352. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2002.00408.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Kilpatrick D.C., Chalmers J.D. Human L-ficolin (ficolin-2) and its clinical significance. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2012, vol. 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/138797</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Kilpatrick D.C., St Swierzko A., Matsushita M., Domzalska-Popadiuk I., Borkowska-Klos M., Szczapa J., Cedzynski M. The relationship between FCN2 genotypes and serum ficolin-2 (L-ficolin) protein concentrations from a large cohort of neonates. Hum. Immunol., 2013, vol. 74, pp. 867–871. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Kjaer T.R., Thiel S., Andersen G.R. Toward a structure-based comprehension of the lectin pathway of complement. Mol. Immunol., 2013, vol. 56, pp. 413–422. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.220</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Klabunde J., Berger J., Jensenius J.C., Klinkert M.Q., Zelck U.E., Kremsner P.G., Kun J.F. Schistosoma mansoni: adhesion of mannan-binding lectin to surface glycoproteins of cercariae and adult worms. Exp. Parasitol., 2000, vol. 95, pp. 231–239. doi: 10.1006/expr.2000.4539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Klabunde J., Uhlemann A.-C., Tebo A.E., Kimmel J., Schwarz R.T., Kremsner P.G., Kun J.F. Recognition of plasmodium falciparum proteins by mannan-binding lectin, a component of the human innate immune system. Parasitol. Res., 2002, vol. 88, pp. 113–117. doi: 10.1007/s00436-001-0518-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Lipscombe R.J., Sumiya M., Summerfield J.A., Turner M.W. Distinct physico-chemical characteristics of human mannose binding protein expressed by individuals of differing genotype. Immunology, 1995, vol. 85, pp. 660–667.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Luo J., Xu F., Lu G.-J., Lin H.-C., Feng Z.-C. Low mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels and MBL genetic polymorphisms associated with the risk of neonatal sepsis: an updated meta-analysis. Early Hum. Dev., 2014, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 557–564. doi: 10.1016/ j.earlhumdev.2014.07.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Madsen H.O., Garred P., Kurtzhals J.A., Lamm L.U., Ryder L.P., Thiel S., Svejgaard A. A new frequent allele is the missing link in the structural polymorphism of the human mannan-binding protein. Immunogenetics, 1994, vol. 40, pp. 37–44. doi: 10.1007/BF00163962</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Madsen H.O., Garred P., Thiel S., Kurtzhals J.A., Lamm L.U., Ryder L.P., Svejgaard A. Interplay between promoter and structural gene variants control basal serum level of mannan-binding protein. J. Immunol., 1995, vol. 155, no. 6, pp. 3013–3020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Madsen H.O., Satz M.L., Hogh B., Svejgaard A., Garred P. Different molecular events result in low protein levels of mannan-binding lectin in populations from southeast Africa and South America. J. Immunol., 1998, vol. 161, no. 6, pp. 3169–3175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Madsen H.O., Videm V., Svejgaard A., Svennevig J.L., Garred P. Association of mannose-binding lectin deficiency with severe atherosclerosis. Lancet, 1998, vol. 352, pp. 959–960. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61513-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Manolis A.S., Manolis T.A., Manolis A.A., Papatheou D., Melita H. COVID-19 Infection: Viral Macro- and micro-vascular coagulopathy and thromboembolism/prophylactic and therapeutic management. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther., 2021, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 12–24. doi: 10.1177/1074248420958973</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Matricardi P.M., Negro R.W.D., Nisin R. The first, holistic immunological model of COVID-19: implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 2020, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 454–470. doi: 10.1111/pai.13271</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Matsushita M., Endo Y., Taira S., Sato Y., Fujita T., Ichikawa N., Nakata M., Mizuochi T. A novel human serum lectin with collagen and fibrinogen-like domains that functions as an opsonin. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, vol. 271, pp. 2448–2454. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.5.2448</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Mayilyan K.R., Arnold J.N., Presanis J.S., Soghoyan A.F., Sim R.B. Increased complement classical and mannan-binding lectin pathway activities in schizo-phrenia. Neurosci. Lett., 2006, vol. 404, pp. 336–341. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.051</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Michalski M., St Swierzko A., Lukasiewicz J., Man-Kupisinska A., Karwaciak I., Przygodzka P., Cedzynski M. Ficolin-3 activity towards the opportunistic patho-gen, Hafnia alvei. Immunobiology, 2015, vol. 220, pp. 117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Michalski M., Szala A., St Swierzko A., Lukasiewicz J., Maciejewska A., Kilpatrick D.C., Matsushita M., Domzalska-Popadiuk I., Borkowska-Klos M., Sokolowska A., Szczapa J., Lugowski C., Cedzynski M. H-ficolin (ficolin-3) concentrations and FCN3 gene polymorphism in neonates. Immunobiology, 2011, vol. 217, pp. 730–737. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Mishra A., Antony J.S., Sundaravadivel P., Tong H.V., Meyer C.G., Jalli R.D., Velavan T.P., ThangaraJ. K. Association of ficolin-2 serum levels and FCN2 genetic variants with Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One, 2015, vol. 10, no. 5: e0125940. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125940</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Monsey L., Best L.G., Zhu J., Decroo S., Anderson M.Z. The association of mannose binding lectin genotype and immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae: the strong heart study. PLoS One, 2019, vol. 14, no. 1: e0210640. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Munthe-Fog L., Hummelshøj T., Hansen B.E., Koch C., Madsen H.O., Skjodt K., Garred P. The impact of FCN2 polymorphisms and haplotypes on the ficolin-2 serum levels. Scand. J. Immunol., 2007, vol. 65, pp. 383–392. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01915.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Nauta A.J., Castellano G., Xu W., Woltman A.M., Borrias M.C., Daha M.R., Kooten C., Roos A. Opsonization with C1q and mannose-binding lectin targets apoptotic cells to dendritic cells. J. Immunol., 2004, vol. 173, pp. 3044–3050. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Notarangelo L., Casanova J.-L., Fischer A., Puck J., Rosen F., Seger R., Geha R. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2004, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 677–687. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.06.044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Rambaldi A., Gritti G., Micò M.C., Frigeni M., Borleri G., Salvi A., Landi F., Pavoni C., Sonzogni A., Gianatti A., Binda F., Fagiuoli S., Marco F.D., Lorini L., Remuzzi G., Whitaker S., Demopulos G. Endothelial injury and thrombotic microangiopathy in COVID-19: Treatment with the lectin-pathway inhibitor narsoplimab. Immunobiology, 2020, vol. 225, no. 6: 152001. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Ren Y., Ding Q., Zhang X. Ficolins and infectious diseases. Virol. Sin., 2014, vol. 29, pp. 25–32. doi: 10.1007/s12250-014-3421-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Ricklin D., Hajishengallis G., Yang K., Lambris J.D. Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat. Immunol., 2010, vol. 11, pp. 785–797. doi: 10.1038/ni.1923</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Ruskamp J.M., Hoekstra M.O., Postma D.S., Kerkhof M., Bottema R.W., Koppelman G.H., Rovers M.M., Wijga A.H., de Jongste J.C., Brunekreef B., Sanders E.A.M. Exploring the role of polymorphisms in ficolin genes in respiratory tract infections in children. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2009, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 433–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03844.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Sallenbach S., Thiel S., Aebi C., Otth M., Bigler S., Jensenius J.C., Schlapbach L.J., Ammann R.A. Serum concentrations of lectin-pathway components in healthy neonates, children and adults: mannan-binding lectin (MBL), M-, L-, and H-ficolin, and MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 2011, vol. 22, pp. 424–430. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01104.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Sastry K., Herman G.A., Day L., Deignan E., Bruns G., Morton C.C., Ezekowitz R.A.B. The human mannose-binding protein gene. Exon structure reveals its evolutionary relationship to a human pulmonary surfactant gene and localization to chromosome 10. J. Exp. Med., 1989, vol. 170, pp. 1175–1189. doi: 10.1084/jem.170.4.1175</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Skalnikova H., Freiberger T., Chumchalova J., Grombirikova H., Sediva A. Cost-effective genotyping of human MBL2 gene mutations using multiplex PCR. J. Immunol. Methods, 2004, vol. 295, no. 1–2, pp. 139–147. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.10.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Skjoedt M.-O., Hummelshøj T., Palarasah Y., Honore C., Koch C., Skjodt K., Garred P. A novel mannose-binding lectin/ficolin-associated protein is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle tissues and inhibits complement activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, vol. 285, pp. 8234–8243. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.065805</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Smolnikova M.V., Freidin M.B., Tereshchenko S.Y. The prevalence of the variants of the L-ficolin gene (FCN2) in the arctic populations of East Siberia. Immunogenetics, 2017, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 409–413. doi: 10.1007/s00251-017-0984-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Steffensen R., Thiel S., Varming K., Jersild C., Jensenius J.C. Detection of structural gene mutations and promoter polymorphisms in the mannan-binding lectin (MBL) gene by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. J. Immunol. Methods, 2000, vol. 241, pp. 33–42. doi: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00198-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Stengaard-Pedersen K., Thiel S., Gadjeva M., Møller-Kristensen M., Sørensen R., Jensen L.T., Sjøholm A.G., Fugger L., Jensenius J.C. Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, vol. 349, no. 6, pp. 554–560. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022836</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Sullivan K.E., Wooten C., Goldman D., Petri M. Mannose-binding protein genetic polymorphisms in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol., 1996, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2046–2051. doi: 10.1002/art.1780391214</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Sumiya M., Super M., Tabona P., Levinsky R.J., Arai T., Turner M.W., Summerfield J.A. Molecular basis of opsonic defect in immunodeficient children. Lancet, 1991, vol. 337, pp. 1569–1570. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93263-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Takahashi M., Iwaki D., Kanno K., Ishida Y., Xiong J., Matsushita M., Endo Y., Miura S., Ishii N., Sugamura K., Fujita T. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 contributes to activation of the lectin complement pathway. J. Immunol., 2008, vol. 180, pp. 6132–6138. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6132</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Tenner A.J., Robinson S.L., Ezekowitz R.A. Mannose binding protein (MBP) enhances mononuclear phagocyte function via a receptor that contains the 126,000 M(r) component of the C1q receptor. Immunity, 1995, vol. 3, pp. 485–493. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90177-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Terai I., Kobayashi K. Perinatal changes in serum mannose-binding protein (MBP) levels. Immunol. Lett., 1993, vol. 38, pp. 185–187. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90004-l</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Tereshchenko S.Y., Kasparov E.V., Smolnikova M.V., Kuvshinova E.V. Mannose-binding lectin deciency in respiratory diseases. Rus. Pulmonol., 2016, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 748–752. doi: 10.1159/000228159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Tereshchenko S.Y., Smolnikova M.V., Freidin M.B. Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms in the East Siberia and Russian Arctic populations. Immunogenetics, 2020, vol. 72, no. 6–7, pp. 347–354. doi: 10.1007/s00251-020-01175-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Thiel S. Complement activating soluble pattern recognition molecules with collagen-like regions, mannan-binding lectin, ficolins and associated proteins. Mol. Immunol., 2007, vol. 44, pp. 3875–3888. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Thiel S., Holmskov U., Hviid L., Laursen S.B., Jensenius J.C. The concentration of the C-type lectin, mannan-binding protein, in human plasma increases during an acute phase response. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1992, vol. 90, pp. 31–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb05827.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Thiel S., Kolev M., Degn S., Steffensen R., Hansen A.G., Ruseva M., Jensenius J.C. Polymorphisms in mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease 2 affect stability, binding to MBL, and enzymatic activity. J. Immunol., 2009, vol. 182, pp. 2939–2947. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Thiel S., Steffensen R., Christensen I.J., Ip W.K., Lau Y.L., Reason I.J., Eiberg H., Gadjeva M., Ruseva M., Jensenius J.C. Deficiency of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease-2 due to missense polymorphisms. Genes Immun., 2007, vol. 8, pp. 154–163. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Trégoat V., Montagne P., Béné M.-C., Faure G. Changes in the mannan binding lectin (MBL) concentration in human milk during lactation. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 2002, vol. 16, pp. 304–307. doi: 10.1002/jcla.10055</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Tulio S., Faucz F.R., Werneck R.I., Olandoski M., Alexandre R.B., Boldt A.B., Pedroso M.L., de Messias-Reason I.J. MASP2 gene polymorphismis associated with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection. Hum. Immunol., 2011, vol. 72, pp. 912–915. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.06.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Verdu P., Barreiro L.B., Patin E., Gessain A., Cassar O., Kidd J.R., Kidd K.K., Behar D.M., Froment A., Heyer E., Sica L., Casanova J.L., Abel L., Quintana-Murci L. Evolutionary insights into the high worldwide prevalence of MBL2 deciency alleles. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2006, vol. 15, no. 17, pp. 2650–2658. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Walport M.J. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, vol. 344, pp. 1058–1066. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200104053441406</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Wittenborn T., Thiel S., Jensen L., Nielsen H.J., Jensenius J.C. Characteristics and biological variations of M-ficolin, a pattern recognition molecule, in plasma. J. Innate Immun., 2010, vol. 2, pp. 167–180. doi: 10.1159/000218324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Ytting H., Christensen I.J., Thiel S., Jensenius J.C., Nielsen H.J. Pre- and postoperative levels in serum of mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease-2 — a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Hum. Immunol., 2008, vol. 69, pp. 414–420. doi: 10.1016/ j.humimm.2008.05.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Ytting H., Christensen I.J., Thiel S., Jensenius J.C., Nielsen H.J. Serum mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 levels in colorectal cancer: relation to recurrence and mortality. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, vol. 11, pp. 1441–1446. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1272</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J.X., Gong W.P., Zhu D.L., An H.R., Yang Y.R., Liang Y., Wang J., Tang J., Zhao W.G., Wu X.Q. Mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms and their association with tuberculosis in a Chinese population. Infect. Dis. Poverty, 2020, vol. 9, no. 1: 46. doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00664-9</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
