Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI1774910.15789/2220-7619-TIB-17749REVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleInteractions Between Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Infection Development: A Review with an Emphasis on Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)Взаимодействия между вирусными и бактериальными патогенами в развитии инфекций: обзор с акцентом на вирус простого герпесаKalantar NeyestanakiMohammad HassanКалантар НеестанакиМохаммад Хассан
Iran, Islamic Republic of

Medical Doctor, Department of Medicine

врач, Медицинский факультет

mohakani@yahoo.comMehdipourAidaМехдипурАида
Iran, Islamic Republic of

Associate Professor, Pediatric Dentistry Specialist, Cellular and Molecular Research Center

доцент, специалист по детской стоматологии, Центр клеточных и молекулярных исследований

mkalantar1998@gmail.comArak University of Medical SciencesАракский университет медицинских наукQom University of Medical SciencesКумский университет медицинских наук15052025150920251534654753007202425032025Copyright ©; 2025, Kalantar Neyestanaki M., Mehdipour A.Copyright ©; 2025, Калантар Неестанаки М., Мехдипур А.2025Kalantar Neyestanaki M., Mehdipour A.Калантар Неестанаки М., Мехдипур А.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17749

The interaction between viruses and bacteria has a significant impact on human health, affecting various microbial ecosystems in the respiratory and urogenital tracts as well as in cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia. These interactions can be complex and contribute to the development of diseases. Some interactions benefit the virus directly, while others indirectly create conditions favorable for bacterial growth. For instance, viruses can damage epithelial cells, disrupt the immune system, and alter the composition of the microbiota, making the host more susceptible to bacterial infections. Conversely, bacterial species can influence viral infections by altering the host environment and potentially contributing to viral transmission. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common infection caused by two types, HSV-1 and HSV-2, which can lead to various illnesses ranging from mild mucocutaneous infections to severe neurological and systemic complications. HSV-1 is often associated with cold sores, while HSV-2 primarily causes genital herpes. Both viruses are highly contagious and spread through close contact. While there’s no cure, antiviral medications can manage symptoms and reduce transmission. The prevalence of HSV-2 varies globally and is influenced by factors such as geographic location, gender, and sexual behavior. The virus can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the infection site and the individual’s immune system. HSV can interact with various bacterial species to influence the development and progression of disease. For example, it can exacerbate periodontal disease by creating conditions favorable for bacterial growth or increase the risk of acquiring bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conversely, some bacteria, like Lactobacillus crispatus, can inhibit HSV infection. Additionally, HSV can interact with bacteria in specific disease contexts, such as increasing the severity of ventilator-associated pneumonia or facilitating bacterial urinary tract infections. Moreover, bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of HSV-2 acquisition. Overall, this review underscores the necessity for ongoing research into viral-bacterial interactions, particularly focusing on HSV, to enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and improve therapeutic and public health strategies.

Взаимодействие между вирусами и бактериями оказывает значительное влияние на здоровье человека, затрагивая различные микробные экосистемы в дыхательных и мочеполовых путях, а также в случаях вентилятор-ассоциированной пневмонии. Такие взаимодействия могут быть сложными и способствовать развитию заболеваний. Ряд взаимодействий могут непосредственно поддерживать жизненный цикл вируса, в то время как другие косвенно создают условия, благоприятные для роста бактерий. Например, вирусы могут повреждать эпителиальные клетки, нарушать иммунную систему и изменять состав микробиоты, делая организм хозяина более восприимчивым к бактериальным инфекциям. И наоборот, бактерии могут влиять на вирусные инфекции, изменяя гомеостаз организма хозяина и потенциально способствовать распространению вируса. Вирус простого герпеса (ВПГ) первого и второго типа (ВПГ-1 и ВПГ-2) вызывает распространенную инфекцию, проявляющуюся как в виде легких слизисто-кожных инфекций, так и в виде тяжелых неврологических и системных поражений. ВПГ-1 часто ассоциируется с герпесом на губах, в то время как ВПГ-2 в первую очередь вызывает генитальный герпес. Оба вируса крайне контагиозны и распространяются при близком контакте. Хотя существующие лекарства не приводят к элиминации вирусов, противовирусные препараты способны контролировать симптомы и снижать их распространение. Уровень инфицирования ВПГ-2 варьирует в разных странах и зависит от таких факторов, как географическое положение, пол и сексуальное поведение человека. Вирус может вызывать широкий спектр симптомов в зависимости от места инфицирования и сохранности иммунной системы человека. ВПГ может взаимодействовать с различными видами бактерий, влияя на развитие и прогрессирование заболевания. Например, он может усугублять пародонтоз, создавая условия, благоприятные для роста бактерий, или повышать риск заражения бактериальными инфекциями, такими как Staphylococcus aureus и Acinetobacter baumannii. И наоборот, некоторые бактерии, такие как Lactobacillus crispatus, могут препятствовать заражению ВПГ. Кроме того, ВПГ может взаимодействовать с бактериями и утяжелять течение пневмонии, связанной с искусственной вентиляцией легких, или способствовать формированию бактериальных инфекций мочевыводящих путей. Более того, бактериальный вагиноз связан с повышенным риском заражения ВПГ-2. В целом представленный обзор подчеркивает необходимость постоянного исследования вирусно-бактериальных взаимодействий, особенно роли ВПГ, для улучшения понимания патогенеза заболевания и улучшения терапевтических стратегий и тактики здравоохранения.

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