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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17639</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-BFA-17639</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biological features and medical significance of the <italic>Listeria</italic> bacteria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биологические особенности и медицинская значимость бактерий рода <italic>Listeria</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Derevyanchenko</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деревянченко</surname><given-names>И. Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Biologist at the Bacteriological Laboratory, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>биолог бактериологической лаборатории, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинской бактериологии</p></bio><email>lykraeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraeva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краева</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Professor of the Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, зав. лабораторией медицинской бактериологии, профессор кафедры микробиологии</p></bio><email>lykraeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Eastern Branch of the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the city of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Восточной филиал ФБУЗ Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в городе Санкт-Петербурге и Ленинградской области</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-08-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>862</fpage><lpage>880</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-14"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-09"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Derevyanchenko I.A., Kraeva L.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Деревянченко И.А., Краева Л.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Derevyanchenko I.A., Kraeva L.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Деревянченко И.А., Краева Л.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17639">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17639</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bacteria of the genus <italic>Listeria</italic> are widely distributed in the environment; they are isolated from soil and water ecosystems, food products, environmental objects, and circulate <italic>in vivo</italic>.<italic> L. monocytogenes</italic> are pathogenic for animals and humans. The ecological plasticity, stress resistance and tolerance of <italic>Listeria</italic> determines their ability to switch from a saprophytic to a parasitic life cycle and survive under various environmental conditions. After thawing and subsequent cultivation of <italic>Listeria</italic> on fresh nutrient medium, a pronounced populational heteromorphism is noted: formation of protoplast-type cells, L-forms and convoluted revertant cells, which requires the use PCR and ELISA for bacteria detection. It is known that non-pathogenic <italic>Listeria</italic>, as well as pathogenic microorganisms forming a biocenosis with<italic> L. monocytogenes</italic>, can serve as a reservoir of pathogenicity and resistance determinants and be transferred to pathogenic <italic>Listeria</italic> by horizontal transfer, which leads to the emergence of new, more virulent and antibiotic-resistant strains. In addition, the most important adaptation mechanism of <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> to adverse environmental factors is their ability to form biofilms markedly enhancing survival and disinfectant resistance. The relatively high genomic similarity between<italic> L. monocytogenes</italic> and some non-pathogenic <italic>Listeria</italic> species and often their coexistence in similar ecological niches, may provide an opportunity for the transfer of resistance or virulence genes. At the same time, the transmission of pathogenicity genes from<italic> L. monocytogenes</italic> to <italic>L. innocua</italic> is also possible, which predetermines the appearance of atypical hemolytic pathogenic strains, which, given the greater environmental prevalence of the latter can pose a great danger to humans and animals. The increasing role of <italic>Listeria</italic> in the pattern of human and animal infectious pathologies, the variability of their morphological, cultivable and biochemical properties, as well as the constant modification of the surface <italic>Listeria</italic> antigens underlies a need to improve listeriosis diagnostics and requires creation of new immunobiological preparations and modern regimens for isolation and identification of various <italic>Listeria</italic> types. This review discusses current views on <italic>Listeria</italic> spp. prevalence and biological qualities, virulence and pathogenicity factors of <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>, as well as methods for identifying different <italic>Listeria</italic> species.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Бактерии рода <italic>Listeria</italic> широко распространены в окружающей среде, выделяются из почвенных и водных экосистем, продуктов питания, объектов внешней среды, циркулируют в организме. Некоторые их виды, прежде всего,<italic> </italic><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>, являются патогенными для человека и животных. Экологическая пластичность, стрессоустойчивость и толерантность листерий обусловливает их способность переходить от сапрофитного к паразитическому образу жизни и снова реверсировать к сапрофитизму при попадании в окружающую среду и выживать при различных ее условиях. При этом выявлено, что после размораживания и последующего культивирования листерий на свежих питательных средах отмечается выраженный гетероморфизм популяции, в том числе образование клеток протопластного типа, L-форм и извитых клеток-ревертантов, что усложняет их обнаружение и типирование в размороженных пищевых продуктах и требует применения таких методов обнаружения бактерий, как ПЦР и ИФА. Известно, что непатогенные листерии, а также патогенные микроорганизмы, образующие биоценоз с <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>, могут служить резервуаром детерминант патогенности и резистентности и быть переданы патогенным листериям путем горизонтального переноса, что обусловливает появление новых более вирулентных и патогенных, а также резистентных к антибиотикам штаммов. Кроме того, важнейшим механизмом адаптации<italic> </italic><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> к неблагоприятным факторам окружающей среды является их способность к образованию биопленок, существенно повышающих выживаемость и устойчивость к дезинфикантам. Сравнительно высокое геномное сходство между<italic> </italic><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> и некоторыми непатогенными видами листерий, в том числе<italic> </italic><italic>L. innocua</italic>, и зачастую их сосуществование в сходных экологических нишах может предоставить возможность для переноса генов устойчивости или вирулентности и обусловливает возможность создания у <italic>L. innocua</italic> резервуаров генов устойчивости, которые могут передаваться бактериям<italic> </italic><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>. В то же время, возможна передача генов патогенности от <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> к <italic>L. innocua</italic>, что предопределяет появление атипичных гемолитических патогенных штаммов, которые, учитывая более широкое распространеннее<italic> </italic><italic>L. innocua</italic> в окружающей среде, могут представлять большую опасность для человека и животных. Увеличение роли листерий в структуре инфекционных патологий человека и животных, изменчивость их морфологических, культуральных и биохимических свойств, а также постоянная модификация поверхностных антигенов листерий предопределяет необходимость совершенствования диагностики листериоза и требует создания новых иммунобиологических препаратов и современных схем для выделения и идентификации различных видов листерий. В настоящем обзоре рассматриваются современные представления относительно распространенности и биологических свойств <italic>Listeria</italic> spp., факторов вирулентности и патогенности<italic> </italic><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>, а также методов идентификации листерий разных видов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bacteria</kwd><kwd>Listeria</kwd><kwd>listeriosis</kwd><kwd>L. monocytogenes</kwd><kwd>L. innocua</kwd><kwd>pathogenicity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бактерии</kwd><kwd>листерии</kwd><kwd>листериоз</kwd><kwd>L. monocytogenes</kwd><kwd>L. innocua</kwd><kwd>патогенность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Антошина И.Ф., Мезенцева М.В. Listeria monocytogenes: распространение и механизмы иммунного ответа // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2012. Т. 2, № 3. С. 627–634. [Antoshina I.F., Mezentseva M.V. 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