Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI1762410.15789/2220-7619-IBV-17624REVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleInfluenza B virus evolution: diversity of biological properties through the prism of genetic variabilityЭволюция вируса гриппа B: разнообразие биологических свойств сквозь призму генетической изменчивостиKiselevaIrina V.КиселеваИрина Васильевна
Russian Federation

DSc (Biology), Professor, Head of Laboratory of General Virology

д.б.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией общей вирусологии

irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ruLarionovaN. V.ЛарионоваН. В.
Russian Federation

DSc (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology

д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии

irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ruZheltukhinaA. I.ЖелтухинаА. И.
Russian Federation

Junior Researcher, Department of Etiology and Epidemiology

младший научный сотрудник отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии

irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ruInstitute of Experimental MedicineФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медициныSmorodintsev Research Institute of InfluenzaФГБУ НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева Минздрава России13082024211220241458458612503202409082024Copyright ©; 2024, Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Zheltukhina A.I.Copyright ©; 2024, Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Желтухина А.И.2024Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Zheltukhina A.I.Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Желтухина А.И.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17624

Although the history of the influenza virus existence goes back thousands of years, the first human influenza A virus was discovered only in 1933, when proper models and substrates for virus isolation became available; then the influenza B virus was isolated and, some later, the influenza C virus. Influenza A viruses evolve most rapidly. Influenza B viruses mutate 2–3 times slower, with influenza C viruses being most conservative. From the moment of isolation until the end of the 1970s, the antigenic evolution of influenza B viruses proceeded smoothly; the isolates were genetically quite homogeneous. In the 1970s–1980s, influenza B viruses diverged into two genetic lineages, “B/Victoria/2/87-like virus lineage” and the “B/Yamagata/16/88-like virus lineage”. For some time, B/Yamagata lineage viruses were widespread throughout the world, while the circulation area of B/Victoria viruses was limited to East Asia. Then the Victorian lineage began its triumphal march across the globe. From this moment on, both lineages of influenza B virus circulated together, with dominance of one or the other lineage in different geographic regions and different epidemiological seasons. Later, the B/Yamagata lineage dominated in many countries, but by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Victorian viruses were already dominant. At the same time, the last representatives of the B/Yamagata lineage were identified. Today, the B/Yamagata lineage has disappeared from circulation and the WHO has concluded that its inclusion in influenza vaccine strains is no longer necessary. Antigenic variability undoubtedly plays a decisive role in the virus evolution. It is accompanied by changes in biological characteristics that, to one degree or another, determine the virus’s ability to self-preserve. No matter how antigenically new a next influenza virus variant is, it will bear a certain set of biological properties, the combination of which will allow the pathogen to best survive in sensitive host. In this review, we have summarized information on the most striking biological properties of influenza B viruses, such as sensitivity to nonspecific blood serum inhibitors, hemagglutinin receptor specificity, its thermostability, sensitivity to low pH values, and temperature sensitivity of reproduction.

Хотя история существования вирусов гриппа насчитывает не одну тысячу лет, первый вирус гриппа человека (вирус гриппа А) был открыт только в 1933 г., когда в арсенале вирусологов появились адекватные модели и субстраты для выделения вирусов; вслед за ним был выделен вирус гриппа В и несколько позднее — вирус гриппа С. Наиболее быстро эволюционируют вирусы гриппа А. Вирусы гриппа B мутируют в 2–3 раза медленнее и самые консервативные — вирусы гриппа С. С момента выделения и до конца 1970-х гг. антигенная эволюция у вирусов гриппа В проходила плавно, выделяемые штаммы генетически были достаточно однородны. В 1970–1980-х гг. произошла дивергенция вирусов гриппа В на две генетические линии, названные в честь референс-вирусов как «линия B/Victoria/2/87-подобных вирусов» и «линия B/Yamagata/16/88-подобных вирусов». Какое-то время вирусы, принадлежащие линии B/Yamagata, были широко распространены по всему миру, в то время как ареал циркуляции вирусов линии B/Victoria ограничивался Восточной Азией. Затем вирусы викторианской линии начали триумфальное шествие по земному шару. С этого момента обе линии вируса гриппа B циркулировали совместно с доминированием той или другой линии в разных регионах и разных эпидемиологических сезонах. Позднее во многих странах господствовала линия B/Yamagata, но к началу пандемии COVID-19 уже преобладали викторианские вирусы. Тогда же были выявлены последние представители линии B/Yamagata. На сегодняшний день линия B/Yamagata настолько исчезла из циркуляции, что Всемирная организация здравоохранения пришла к выводу, что ее включение в состав гриппозных вакцин штаммов больше не является оправданным. Определяющую роль в эволюции вирусов несомненно играет антигенная изменчивость. Она сопровождается фенотипической изменчивостью, то есть изменением биологических характеристик, которые в той или иной мере определяют способность вируса к самосохранению. Каким бы антигенно новым не был очередной вариант вируса гриппа, он будет обладать определенным набором биологических свойств, комбинация которых позволит возбудителю наилучшим образом выживать в организме чувствительного хозяина. В настоящем обзоре мы суммировали информацию о наиболее ярких биологических свойствах вирусов гриппа В, таких как чувствительность и устойчивость к неспецифическим ингибиторам сыворотки крови, рецепторная специфичность гемагглютинина и его термостабильность, чувствительность к низким значениям рН, температурочувствительность репродукции.

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