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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17596</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-SIM-17596</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sustained immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Three years of observation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сохранение иммунологической памяти к антигенам SARS-CoV-2. Три года наблюдения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afridonova</surname><given-names>Z. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афридонова</surname><given-names>З. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Laboratory of Cytokines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант лаборатории цитокинов</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toptygina</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топтыгина</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cytokines, Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, руководитель лаборатории цитокинов, профессор кафедры иммунологии биологического факультета</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikina</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семикина</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of Laboratory Department, Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, зав. лабораторным отделом, профессор кафедры педиатрии и детской ревматологии</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБО УВПО Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Afridonova Z.E., Toptygina A.P., Semikina E.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Афридонова З.Э., Топтыгина А.П., Семикина Е.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Afridonova Z.E., Toptygina A.P., Semikina E.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Афридонова З.Э., Топтыгина А.П., Семикина Е.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17596">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17596</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has ended, but SARS-CoV-2 continues to actively circulate and mutate in the human population. In this regard, it is important to understand for how long post-infectious and post-vaccination immunity may last and how effectively established immunity could act against new mutant SARS-CoV-2 strains. The aim was to study humoral and cellular immunity in a group of COVID-19 convalescent subjects within 3 years after the primary infection. The longitudinal study included 38 adults aged 23–72 years with PCR-confirmed mild or moderate COVID-19 in the second half of 2020. Within three-year follow-up after the onset, the subjects were examined every 6 months for the level of humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The parameters of humoral immunity were assessed by enzyme immunoassay using “SARS-CoV-2-IgG quantitative-ELISA-BEST” kits (Vector-Best JSC, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation) for S-protein and “N-CoV-2-IgG PS” (Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) specific to the N-protein. Cellular anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity was analyzed by evaluating surface CD107a expression on CD8<sup>high</sup> lymphocytes stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 S- or N-antigens. It was shown that the dynamics of antibody levels against SARS-COV-2 antigens depends on antigen (S- or N-protein) type, antibody class (IgG or IgA) as well as individual contact history with new SARS-CoV-2 strains. The dynamics of cytotoxic CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a<sup>+</sup> lymphocyte percentage is moderately positively correlated with that of the corresponding anti-S or N antibody levels. At the same time, change in the levels of both humoral and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S- or N-protein antigens are weakly negatively correlated with each other. A strong positive correlation was found between changes in the anti-S IgG antibody level and avidity. Avoiding the anti-S IgG neutralization due to frequent mutations of new SARS-CoV-2 strains leads to induced new primary immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens along with the activation of existing responses formed to previous coronavirus strains. The study of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens allows to predict the persistence of high SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibody and T-cell response levels.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Пандемия COVID-19 завершилась, однако SARS-CoV-2 продолжает активно циркулировать и мутировать в человеческой популяции. В связи с этим важно понять, насколько длительно будет сохраняться постинфекционный и поствакцинальный иммунитет и насколько эффективно уже сформированный иммунитет будет работать против новых мутантных штаммов SARS-CoV-2. Целью данной работы было исследовать гуморальный и клеточный иммунитет у группы переболевших COVID-19 в течение трех лет после первичного заболевания. В продольное исследование были включены 38 взрослых в возрасте 23–72 года, перенесших ПЦР-подтвержденный COVID-19 во второй половине 2020 г. в легкой или среднетяжелой форме. Каждые 6 мес. в течение 3 лет после заболевания эти люди проходили обследование на наличие гуморального и клеточного иммунитета к антигенам SARS-CoV-2. Параметры гуморального иммунитета определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа с помощью наборов «SARS-CoV-2-IgG количественный-ИФА-БЕСТ» (АО «Вектор-Бест», Новосибирск, Россия) для S-белка и «N-CoV-2-IgG PS» (ФБУН НИИЭМ им. Пастера, Санкт-Петербург, Россия) для N-белка, клеточный иммунитет оценивали по экспрессии молекулы CD107a на CD8<sup>high</sup> лимфоцитах при распознавании S- или N-антигенов SARS-CoV-2. Показано, что динамика уровней антител к антигенам SARS-CoV-2 зависит от вида антигена (S- или N-белок), класса антител (IgG или IgA) и индивидуальной истории контактов человека с новыми штаммами SARS-CoV-2. Динамика процента цитотоксических CD8<sup>high</sup>CD107a<sup>+</sup> лимфоцитов умеренно положительно коррелирует с динамикой уровня соответствующих анти S- или N-антител. В то же время изменения уровней как гуморального, так и Т-клеточного ответа на антигены S- или N-белка SARS-CoV-2 слабо отрицательно коррелируют между собой. Обнаружена сильная положительная кореляция между изменениями уровней анти-S IgG-антител и авидности этих антител. Ускользание новых штаммов SARS-CoV-2 за счет частых мутаций от нейтрализации анти-S IgG приводит к индукции новых первичных иммунных ответов на S-антигены SARS-CoV-2 наравне с активацией уже существующих ответов, сформированных на предыдущие штаммы коронавируса. Исследование иммунных ответов на антигены SARS-CoV-2 позволяет не только прогнозировать сохранение высоких уровней анти-S-антител и Т-клеточных ответов на антигены SARS-CoV-2, но и дает бесценный материал для углубленного исследования процессов формирования и поддержания иммунологической памяти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>cellular immunity</kwd><kwd>immunological memory</kwd><kwd>breakthrough immunity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>иммунологическая память</kwd><kwd>прорывной иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН МНИИЭМ им. Г.Н.Габричевского</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">G.N.Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>НИОКТР 121021100125-4 от 10.02.2021г.</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Афридонова З.Э., Топтыгина А.П., Михайлов И.С. Особенности гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа на S- и N-белки вируса SARS-CoV-2 // Биохимия. 2024. Т. 89, № 5 (в печати). [Afridonova Z.E., Toptygina A.P., Mikhaylov I.S. Humoral and cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins. Biokhimiya = Biochemistry (Moscow), 2024, vol. 89, no. 5 (in print). (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Зуева Е.В., Беляев Н.Н., Вербов В.Н., Лихачев И.В., Бачинин И.А., Хамитова И.В., Коробова З.Р., Арсентьева Н.А., Тотолян А.А. 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