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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17590</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-EIV-17590</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemic influenza virus nucleoprotein gene incorporated into vaccine influenza virus strain genome to optimize systemic and local T-cell immune response against live attenuated influenza vaccine</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оптимизация системного и локального Т-клеточного иммунного ответа на живую гриппозную вакцину при включении в состав вакцинного штамма гена нуклеопротеина от эпидемического вируса гриппа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopenko</surname><given-names>P. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопенко</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matyushenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матюшенко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chistyakova</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чистякова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostromitina</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костромитина</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotomina</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котомина</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rak</surname><given-names>A. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рак</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubinstein</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубинштейн</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Cell Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунологии отдела иммунологии</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Cell Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лабораторией клеточной иммунологии отдела иммунологии</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novitskaya</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новицкая</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Laboratory Assistant, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. отделом вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakova-Sivak</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исакова-Сивак</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Corresponding Member, DSc (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Immunology and Prevention of Viral Infections, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент РАН, д.б.н., зав. лабораторией иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>371</fpage><lpage>380</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-01"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-21"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Prokopenko P.I., Stepanova E.A., Matyushenko V.A., Chistyakova A.K., Kostromitina A.D., Kotomina T.S., Rak A.Y., Rubinstein A.A., Kudryavtsev I.V., Novitskaya V.V., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Прокопенко П.И., Степанова Е.А., Матюшенко В.А., Чистякова А.К., Костромитина А.Д., Котомина Т.С., Рак А.Я., Рубинштейн А.А., Кудрявцев И.В., Новицкая В.В., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prokopenko P.I., Stepanova E.A., Matyushenko V.A., Chistyakova A.K., Kostromitina A.D., Kotomina T.S., Rak A.Y., Rubinstein A.A., Kudryavtsev I.V., Novitskaya V.V., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прокопенко П.И., Степанова Е.А., Матюшенко В.А., Чистякова А.К., Костромитина А.Д., Котомина Т.С., Рак А.Я., Рубинштейн А.А., Кудрявцев И.В., Новицкая В.В., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17590">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17590</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Optimization of the vaccine-induced T-cell repertoire is one of the strategies to expand the spectrum of protective potential for live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). LAIV cross-protective properties can be improved by introducing the nucleoprotein (NP) gene derived from epidemic parental virus into vaccine strain genome, i.e. by replacing the classical 6:2 genome formula with 5:3. The main objective of the present study was to detail evaluation for virus-specific systemic and tissue-resident memory T-cells subsets in mice immunized with seasonal H1N1 LAIV of the genome formula 6:2 and 5:3. Materials and methods. Two H1N1 LAIV strains with varying NP genes (LAIV 6:2 and LAIV 5:3) were generated using reverse genetics techniques. C57BL/6J mice were immunized intranasally with the vaccine candidates, twice, 3 weeks apart. Cells from the spleen and lung tissues were isolated 7 days after booster immunization to be stimulated with whole H1N1 influenza virus for assessing cytokine-producing memory CD44<sup>+</sup>CD62L– T-cells as well as expression of CD69 and CD103 surface markers using flow cytometry. Humoral murine serum immunity against H1N1 virus was assessed by ELISA. Results. The LAIV 5:3 vs classical 6:2 vaccine strain carrying the epidemic parental NP gene induced significantly more pronounced humoral immune response against recent influenza virus. The group of mice immunized with LAIV 5:3 demonstrated higher levels of virus-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> effector memory T cells (T<sub>EM</sub>) in the spleen, including a subset of polyfunctional (IFNγ<sup>+</sup>TNFα<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup>) CD4<sup>+</sup> T<sub>EM</sub>, compared to LAIV 6:2 group. Virus-specific memory T cell levels in lung tissues after immunization with LAIV 5:3 vs LAIV 6:2 also tended to increase, but no significant difference in stimulated tissue-resident CD69<sup>+</sup>CD103<sup>–</sup> and CD69<sup>+</sup>CD103<sup>+</sup> T cells between the groups were found. Conclusion. Modification of the seasonal LAIV strain genome for updating its epitope composition allowed to enhance the virus-specific T-cell immune response both at systemic level and in lung tissues, thereby shoeing that the effectiveness of the vaccine against circulating influenza viruses can be potentially increased.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Оптимизация поствакцинального репертуара Т-клеток — один из способов расширения спектра защитного потенциала живой гриппозной вакцины (ЖГВ). Улучшить кросс-протективные свойства ЖГВ можно путем внесения в состав генома вакцинного штамма гена нуклеопротеина (NP) от эпидемического родительского вируса, то есть при замене классической формулы генома 6:2 на 5:3. Ранее на примере вирусов гриппа H1N1, H3N2 и H7N9 было показано, что вакцинные штаммы ЖГВ 5:3 стимулируют более выраженный Т-клеточный ответ к эпитопам NP эпидемического родительского вируса, чем классические варианты ЖГВ 6:2. Основной целью настоящего исследования явилась детальная оценка субпопуляций вирусспецифических системных и тканерезидентных Т-клеток памяти у мышей, иммунизированных штаммами сезонной ЖГВ подтипа H1N1 с формулами генома 6:2 и 5:3. Материалы и методы. Методами обратной генетики были сконструированы вакцинные штаммы ЖГВ подтипа H1N1, отличающихся источником гена NP (ЖГВ 6:2 и ЖГВ 5:3). Мышей линии C57BL/6J иммунизировали интраназально вакцинными кандидатами, двукратно с трехнедельным интервалом. Через 7 дней после повторной иммунизации у мышей выделяли клетки из тканей селезенки и легких, стимулировали цельным вирусом гриппа H1N1 и оценивали уровни цитокин-продуцирующих Т-клеток памяти с фенотипом CD44<sup>+</sup>CD62L<sup>–</sup> методами проточной цитометрии. Для клеток, выделенных из легких, также определяли экспрессию поверхностных маркеров CD69 и CD103. Гуморальный иммунитет к вирусу H1N1 оценивали в иммуноферментном анализе сывороток крови мышей, собранных через 3 недели после повторной иммунизации. Результаты. Вакцинный штамм ЖГВ 5:3, несущий NP ген от эпидемического родителя, индуцировал достоверно более выраженный гуморальный иммунный ответ к актуальному вирусу гриппа, чем классический вариант ЖГВ 6:2. В группе мышей, привитых ЖГВ 5:3, наблюдались более высокие уровни вирусспецифических CD4<sup>+</sup> и CD8<sup>+</sup> Т-клеток эффекторной памяти (Т<sub>ЕМ</sub>) в селезенках мышей, включая субпопуляцию полифункциональных (IFNγ<sup>+</sup>TNFα<sup>+</sup>IL-2<sup>+</sup>) CD4<sup>+</sup> Т<sub>ЕМ</sub>, по сравнению с группой ЖГВ 6:2. Также наблюдалась тенденция к выработке более высоких уровней вирусспецифических Т-клеток памяти в тканях легких при иммунизации ЖГВ 5:3 в сравнении с ЖГВ 6:2, однако достоверной разницы в стимуляции тканерезидентных Т-клеток с фенотипами CD69<sup>+</sup>CD103<sup>–</sup> и CD69<sup>+</sup>CD103<sup>+</sup> между группами не наблюдалось. Заключение. Получены дополнительные экспериментальные свидетельства перспективности модификации генома вакцинного штамма сезонной живой гриппозной вакцины с целью актуализации эпитопного состава вакцинных вирусов, поскольку такая модификация усиливает вирусспецифический Т-клеточный иммунный ответ как на системном уровне, так и в тканях легких, что в итоге может повысить эффективность вакцины в отношении циркулирующих вирусов гриппа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>live influenza vaccine</kwd><kwd>nucleoprotein</kwd><kwd>humoral immunity</kwd><kwd>IgG</kwd><kwd>effector memory</kwd><kwd>TEM</kwd><kwd>tissue-resident memory T cells</kwd><kwd>TRM</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd>живая гриппозная вакцина</kwd><kwd>нуклеопротеин</kwd><kwd>гуморальный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>IgG</kwd><kwd>эффекторная память</kwd><kwd>TEM</kwd><kwd>тканерезидентные Т-клетки памяти</kwd><kwd>TRM</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Минобрнауки</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Education and Science project</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2022-0001</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bodewes R., Geelhoed-Mieras M.M., Wrammert J., Ahmed R., Wilson P.C., Fouchier R.A., Osterhaus A.D., Rimmelzwaan G.F. 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