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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17576</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-SFT-17576</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Strategies for tularemia pathogen survival, spread and virulence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Стратегии выживания, распространения и вирулентности возбудителя туляремии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtseva</surname><given-names>Tamara Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцева</surname><given-names>Тамара Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Department of Especially Dangerous Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела особо опасных инфекций</p></bio><email>mokrievich@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrievich</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокриевич</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head of the Department of Especially Dangerous Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. отделом особо опасных инфекций</p></bio><email>mokrievich@obolensk.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center for Applied Biotechnology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии и биотехнологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-26"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-08"><day>08</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Kudryavtseva T.Y., Mokrievich A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Кудрявцева Т.Ю., Мокриевич А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kudryavtseva T.Y., Mokrievich A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцева Т.Ю., Мокриевич А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17576">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17576</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The bacterium <italic>Francisella tularensis</italic> is the etiological agent of tularemia, a natural focal, especially dangerous infection, which, “thanks to” its low infectious dose and ability to be transmitted to humans via all possible routes, is a potential bioterrorism agent. This pathogen has been known to mankind for over a hundred years, but it is still impossible to prevent massive human disease outbreaks and sporadic incidence cases, whereas tularemia diagnosis may be verified within several days-to-weeks. The basis for tularemia causative agent virulence is based on its ability to disrupt phagocyte function. In animals and humans, the various <italic>Francisella tularensis</italic> systems work together to bypass host immune system, attach to and enter eukaryotic cells, block phagosome-lysosome fusion, multiply in various host cells without being detected, inhibit their destruction and cause host cell death to release bacteria and infect neighboring tissue cells, thus developing an infectious disease in different organs. This is achieved through a unique complement-dependent penetration process into host cell, called loop phagocytosis, and an unusual inert endotoxin as well as variation in diverse forms of “free” lipid A modifications and lipid A in the LPS composition, its dynamic acyl chain length regulation, and specifically combined regulatory factors to induce the “pathogenicity island” protein synthesis. Accumulated point mutations, intragenomic rearrangements, deletions, insertions, duplications, transpositions, gene degradation, variation in the number of copies in repeated DNA sequences, as well as homologous and non-homologous recombinations underlie a markedly expanded potential for existence of the tularemia causative agent: they contribute to the holarctic subspecies strain survival in varying conditions, including osmotic shock, to form multiple resistance to various toxic substances and alter <italic>F. tularensis</italic> subspecies virulence. Analyzing a whole body of publications on the abovementioned aspects for tularemia causative agent life activity attempts to combine the differences, structural features and “tricks” of the <italic>F. tularensis</italic> species cells allowing them to be a powerful pathogen, with a high potential to adapt upon low pathogen variability and a limited genome length compared with other specially dangerous bacteria.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Бактерия <italic>Francisella tularensis</italic> — этиологический агент туляремии, природно-очаговой, особо опасной инфекции, которая, «благодаря» низкой инфекционной дозе и способности передаваться человеку всеми возможными путями, является потенциальным агентом биотерроризма. Человечеству уже более ста лет известен этот возбудитель, однако до сих пор предотвратить массовые вспышки заболевания людей не удается, а для подтверждения диагноза «туляремия» требуется от нескольких дней до нескольких недель. Диагностика туляремии и лечение, особенно при спорадической заболеваемости, из-за полиморфизма клинических симптомов, разнообразной локализации инфекционного процесса и множественной природной устойчивости возбудителя ко многим антимикробным препаратам вызывает очень большие затруднения. Основа вирулентности возбудителя туляремии — способность нарушать функцию фагоцитов. В организме животного и человека различные бактериальные системы туляремийного микроба работают вместе, чтобы обойти иммунную систему, прикрепиться к эукариотическим клеткам и проникнуть в них, блокировать слияние фагосомы с лизосомой, размножиться в различных клетках хозяина, не будучи обнаруженными, ингибируя свое уничтожение и вызывая гибель клеток-хозяев для высвобождения бактерий и инфицирования соседних клеток тканей, развивая таким образом инфекционное заболевание в разных органах. Для этого служат и уникальный, зависимый от комплемента, процесс проникновения в клетку хозяина, названный петлевым фагоцитозом, и необычный инертный эндотоксин, и варьирование разнообразных модификаций форм «свободного» липида A и липида A в составе ЛПС, и динамическое регулирование длины его ацильных цепей, и специфичная комбинация регуляторных факторов для индукции синтеза белков «острова патогенности». Накопленные точечные мутации, внутригеномные перестройки, делеции, вставки, дупликации, транспозиции, деградация генов, варьирование числа копий в повторяющихся последовательностях ДНК, а также гомологичная и негомологичная рекомбинации являются основой значительного расширения возможностей существования возбудителя туляремии: способствуют выживанию штаммов голарктического подвида в различных условиях, в том числе в условиях осмотического шока, формируют множественную устойчивость к различным токсическим веществам, меняют вирулентность подвидов <italic>F. tularensis</italic>. Анализ значительного количества публикаций по каждому из перечисленных аспектов жизнедеятельности возбудителя туляремии — попытка объединения отличий, особенностей строения и «уловок» клеток вида <italic>F. tularensis</italic>, позволяющих данным бактериям являться мощным патогеном, обладать высокой способностью к адаптации при низкой изменчивости возбудителя и ограниченном геноме по сравнению с другими особо опасными бактериями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>endotoxin</kwd><kwd>intracellular localization and replication</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>эндотоксин</kwd><kwd>внутриклеточная локализация и репликация</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Роспотребнадзор</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Rospotrebnadzor</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ЕГИСУ НИОКТР 121021500051-2</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Кудрявцева Т.Ю., Попов В.П., Мокриевич А.Н., Куликалова Е.С., Холин А.В., Мазепа А.В., Борзенко М.А., Пичурина Н.Л., Павлович Н.В., Носков А.К., Транквилевский Д.В., Храмов М.В., Дятлов И.А. 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