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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17531</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-MOC-17531</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Monitoring of coronavirus infection in the kyrgyz population</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мониторинг коронавирусной инфекции в киргизской популяции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель</p></bio><email>depart@gsen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasymov</surname><given-names>O. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касымов</surname><given-names>О. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Рrofessor, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, директор </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Deputy Director for Innovation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зам. директора по инновациям </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurmatov</surname><given-names>Z. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурматов</surname><given-names>З. Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., руководитель</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drozd</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дрозд</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. центральной клинико-диагностической лабораторией</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milichkina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миличкина</surname><given-names>А. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head Physician of the Medical Center </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., главный врач медицинского центра</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolensky</surname><given-names>V Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смоленский</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Head</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зам. руководителя </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nuridinova</surname><given-names>Z. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нуридиновна</surname><given-names>Ж. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>В. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>IT analyst</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>IT-аналитик </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sattarova</surname><given-names>G. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саттарова</surname><given-names>Г. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramsay</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рэмзи</surname><given-names>Э. C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Science Analyst</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный аналитик</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhangaziev</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джангазиев</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Minister of Health for Digital Development</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зам. министра здравоохранения по цифровому развитию</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zueva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arabiy</surname><given-names>U. U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арабий</surname><given-names>У. У.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>специалист по мониторингу и оценке </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drobyshevskaya</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дробышевская</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhimbaeva</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жимбаева</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Physician, Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of the Medical Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач Центральной клинико-диагностической лаборатории Медицинского центра</p></bio><email>damaoyuna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razumovskaya</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разумовская</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of the Medical Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики Центральной клинико-диагностической лаборатории Медицинского центра</p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>А. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, DSc (Medicine), Professor, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, директор </p></bio><email>vssmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Institute of Public Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НПО «Профилактическая медицина» Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Institute of Public Health, Kyrgyz Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НПО «Профилактическая медицина» Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kyrgyz Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения и социального развития</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Center for Immunoprophylaxis</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр иммунопрофилактики Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1089</fpage><lpage>1108</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-14"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Popova A.Y., Smirnov V.S., Kasymov O.T., Egorova S.S., Nurmatov Z.S., Drozd I.V., Milichkina A.M., Smolensky V.Y., Nuridinova Z.N., Ivanov V.A., Sattarova G.Z., Ramsay E.S., Dzhangaziev B.I., Zueva E.V., Arabiy U.U., Drobyshevskaya V.G., Zhimbaeva O.B., Razumovskaya A.P., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Попова А.Ю., Смирнов В.С., Касымов О.T., Егорова С.С., Нурматов З.Ш., Дрозд И.В., Миличкина А.M., Смоленский В.Ю., Нуридиновна Ж.Н., Иванов В.A., Саттарова Г.З., Рэмзи Э.C., Джангазиев Б.И., Зуева Е.В., Арабий У.У., Дробышевская В.Г., Жимбаева О.Б., Разумовская А.П., Тотолян А.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popova A.Y., Smirnov V.S., Kasymov O.T., Egorova S.S., Nurmatov Z.S., Drozd I.V., Milichkina A.M., Smolensky V.Y., Nuridinova Z.N., Ivanov V.A., Sattarova G.Z., Ramsay E.S., Dzhangaziev B.I., Zueva E.V., Arabiy U.U., Drobyshevskaya V.G., Zhimbaeva O.B., Razumovskaya A.P., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попова А.Ю., Смирнов В.С., Касымов О.T., Егорова С.С., Нурматов З.Ш., Дрозд И.В., Миличкина А.M., Смоленский В.Ю., Нуридиновна Ж.Н., Иванов В.A., Саттарова Г.З., Рэмзи Э.C., Джангазиев Б.И., Зуева Е.В., Арабий У.У., Дробышевская В.Г., Жимбаева О.Б., Разумовская А.П., Тотолян А.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17531">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/17531</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose of the study: to study the dynamics of developing herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan during COVID-19. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> The work was carried out using the methodology for assessing population immunity developed by Rospotrebnadzor (Russia) as well as the Ministry of Health (Kypgyzstan) and the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute. The selection of participants was carried out by questionnaire using a cloud (Internet server) service. To monitor population immunity, a cohort of 2421 subjects was formed, who participated in all stages of seromonitoring. Volunteers were randomized according to age groups (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+ years), regional and professional factors. Antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S-glycoprotein were determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. The study was carried out in 3 stages according to a single scheme: 1st stage — 06/28–07/03/2021, 2nd — 21–25/02/2022 and 3rd — 31/10–04/11/2022. Since 2021, Kyrgyzstan has been vaccinating the population against SARS-CoV-2 mainly using inactivated whole-virion vaccines. <italic>Results.</italic> Population immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was predominantly accounted for by both Ab types (Nc<sup>+</sup>RBD<sup>+</sup>). By the 3rd stage, the percentage of such persons reached 99.2%, Nc<sup>–</sup>RBD<sup>–</sup> volunteers — up to 0.8%. At the 1st stage, middle-aged people dominated, but age differences were leveled out by the 2nd stage. The greatest impact on seroprevalence was found among medical workers, the smallest — among businessmen and industrial workers. Populational vaccination significantly impacted on the state of herd immunity that reached 25% by the 3rd stage. The refusals of the population in Kyrgyz Republic from vaccination noted at the 2nd<sup> </sup>and especially 3rd stages did not significantly affect level of herd immunity, which could probably be associated with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19, against which primary vaccination had a booster effect. <italic>Conclusion.</italic> The dynamics of population humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 included a number of changes in the level of circulating antibodies (Nc, RBD), caused by both primary infection and vaccination. The herd immunity formed in population of Kyrgyzstan allowed to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to almost sporadic level.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования: изучить динамику формирования популяционного иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 у населения Республики Кыргызстан на фоне COVID-19. <italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> Работа проведена по методике оценки популяционного иммунитета, разработанной Роспотребнадзором (Россия) и Министерством здравоохранения (Кыргызстан) и Санкт-Петербургским институтом им Пастера. Подбор участников осуществлялся анкетным опросом с использованием облачного (Интернет-сервера) сервиса. Для мониторинга популяционного иммунитета сформирована когорта из 2421 человек, участвовавшая во всех этапах серомониторинга. Добровольцы были рандомизированы по возрастным группам (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+ лет), региональным и профессиональным факторам. Антитела (Abs) к нуклеокапсиду (Nc) и рецептор-связывающему домену (RBD) S-гликопротеина определяли качественным и количественным методами, Исследование проводилось в 3 этапа по единой схеме: I этап — 28.06–03.07.2021 г., II этап — 21–25.02.2022 г. и III этап — 31.10–04.11.2022 г. С 2021 г. в Кырзызстане проводили вакцинацию населения против SARS-CoV-2 преимущественно инактивированными цельновирионными вакцинами. <italic>Результаты.</italic> Популяционный иммунитет населения к SARS-CoV-CoV-2 преимущественно был обусловлен обоими Abs (Nc<sup>+</sup>RBD<sup>+</sup>). К III этапу доля таких лиц достигла 99,2%, доля Nc<sup>–</sup>RBD<sup>–</sup> волонтеров до 0,8%. На I этапе доминировали лица среднего возраста, однако возрастные различия нивелировались ко II этапу. Наибольшее влияние на серопревалентность выявлено среди медицинских работников, наименьшее — среди бизнесменов и промышленных рабочих. Значимое влияние на состояние популяционного иммунитета оказала вакцинация населения, охват которой к III этапу достиг 25%. Отмеченные на II и особенно III этапе отказы населения от вакцинации существенно не повлияли на уровень популяционного иммунитета, что, вероятно, могло быть связано с бессимптомными случаями COVID-19, на фоне которой первичная вакцинация оказывала бустерный эффект. <italic>Заключение.</italic> Динамика популяционного гуморального иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 включала в себя ряд изменений уровней циркулирующих антител (Nc, RBD), обусловленных как первичной инфекцией, так и вакцинацией. Сформированный популяционный иммунитет населения Кыргызстана позволил снизить заболеваемость практически до спорадического уровня.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kyrgyz Republic</kwd><kwd>population</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>seromonitoring</kwd><kwd>herd immunity</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>nucleocapsid</kwd><kwd>receptor binding domain</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>hybrid immunity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Кыргызская Республика</kwd><kwd>население</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>серомониторинг</kwd><kwd>коллективный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>нуклеокапсид</kwd><kwd>рецептор-связывающий домен</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>гибридный иммунитет</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aboura S. 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