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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1713</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-MAT-1713</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metagenomic analysis to identify the causative agents of atypical urogenital tract infections</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метагеномный анализ для идентификации возбудителей нетипичных инфекций урогенитального тракта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-3733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutilin</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутилин</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis S. Kutilin - PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Medical Research Oncology Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.</p><p>344037, Rostov-on-Don, Liniya 14 str., 63.</p><p>Phone: +7 951 538-50-39</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кутилин Денис Сергеевич - кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной онкологии.</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63.</p><p>Тел.: 8 951 538-50-39</p></bio><email>k.denees@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Oncology Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1108</fpage><lpage>1122</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Kutilin D.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Кутилин Д.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kutilin D.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кутилин Д.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1713">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1713</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. Research in recent decades has shown that classical microbiological methods can only detect a small, cultivable portion of microorganisms. One of the modern approaches to detect a wide range of bacteria and archaea is presented as a type of metagenomic analysis performed by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal operon fragment libraries. Objective is to conduct metagenomic analysis of samples from the urogenital tract of patients with chronic inflammation to identify pathogens not detected by other methods. <italic>Methods</italic>. Taxonomic analysis of the bacterial community was performed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene by using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform. <italic>Results</italic>. The study allowed to identify the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms in samples from the urogenital tract (from 197 to 794 different microorganisms belonging to the <italic>Bacteria</italic> were identified), as well as to establish differential differences concerning members of the genera <italic>Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phobormidium, Sphing Temperatibacter, Oxobacter, Georgenia, Actinobaculum, Varibaculum, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Sediminihabitans, Actinobacter, Actinoplanes, Spirochaeta, Enhydrobacter, Thermacetogenium, Bdellovibrio, Oleibacter, Porphyromonas, Klebsiella, Lachnoclostridium, Caulobacter, Xanthomonas, Novispirillum, Marvinbryantia, Afipia, Shinella, Tepidimonas, Faecalibacterium, Paludibacterium, Aerococcus, Campylobacter, Pasteurella, Rumen, Psychrobacter, Haemophilus, Brevibacillus, Sporosarcina, Yaniella </italic>and <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> between samples from patients with chronic inflammation and apparently healthy individuals. <italic>Conclusion</italic>. Differential differences were found in the composition of the microbiome from the samples of patients with chronic inflammation and apparently healthy individuals, concerning members of 44 genera, including <italic>Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phormidium</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus</italic>. The inflammatory processes observed in the patient urogenital tract can be associated with imbalanced microflora such as decreased level of typical members of the genera <italic>Staphylococcus, Streptococcus</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus</italic>, but increased number of members from of the genera <italic>Klebsiella</italic> and <italic>Citrobacter</italic>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Актуальность</italic>. Исследования последних десятилетий показали, что классические методы микробиологии позволяют выявлять лишь незначительную, поддающуюся культивированию, часть микроорганизмов. Одним из современных подходов, позволяющих выявлять широкий спектр бактерий и архей, является разновидность метагеномного анализа, выполняемая путем высокопроизводительного секвенирования библиотек фрагментов рибосомальных оперонов. Цель данного исследования — метагеномный анализ образцов из урогенитального тракта пациентов с хроническим воспалительным процессом для идентификации патогенов, не выявляемых другими методами. <italic>Методы</italic>. Таксономический анализ бактериального сообщества проводили путем высокопроизводительного секвенирования гипервариабельной области V3–V4 гена 16S рРНК на платформе Illumina HiSeq 3000. <italic>Результаты</italic>. Проведенное исследование позволило выявить таксономическое многообразие микроорганизмов в образцах из урогенитального тракта (выявлено от 197 до 794 различных микроорганизмов, относящихся к домену <italic>Bacteria</italic>), а также установить дифференциальные различия, касающиеся представителей родов <italic>Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phormidium, Sphingobacterium, Temperatibacter, Oxobacter, Georgenia, Actinobaculum, Varibaculum, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Sediminihabitans, Actinobacter, Actinoplanes, Spirochaeta, Enhydrobacter, Thermacetogenium, Bdellovibrio, Oleibacter, Porphyromonas, Klebsiella, Lachnoclostridium, Caulobacter, Xanthomonas, Novispirillum, Marvinbryantia, Afipia, Shinella, Tepidimonas, Faecalibacterium, Paludibacterium, Aerococcus, Campylobacter, Pasteurella, Rumen, Psychrobacter, Haemophilus, Brevibacillus, Sporosarcina, Yaniella </italic>и<italic> Lactobacillus</italic> из образцов, полученных от больных с хроническими воспалительными процессами и от условно здоровых индивидуумов. <italic>Заключение</italic>. Были обнаружены дифференциальные различия в составе микробиома образцов от больных с хроническими воспалительными процессами и условно здоровых индивидуумов, касающиеся представителей 44 родов, в том числе <italic>Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phormidium </italic>и<italic> Lactobacillus</italic>. Наблюдаемые воспалительные процессы в урогенитальном тракте пациентов могут быть ассоциированы с дисбалансом микрофлоры — снижением типичных представителей родов <italic>Staphylococcus, Streptococcus</italic> и <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> и увеличением численности представителей родов <italic>Klebsiella </italic>и <italic>Citrobacter</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urogenital tract</kwd><kwd>infections</kwd><kwd>chronic inflammation</kwd><kwd>high-throughput sequencing</kwd><kwd>16S rRNA</kwd><kwd>discriminant analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>урогенитальный тракт</kwd><kwd>инфекции</kwd><kwd>хроническое воспаление</kwd><kwd>высокопроизводительное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>16S рРНК</kwd><kwd>дискриминантный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке ООО «Эльген» (конкурс научных проектов «Инновация»), включавшей проведение генетического исследования методом высокопроизводительного секвенирования на платформе Illumina HiSeq 3000.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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