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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16867</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-IOL-16867</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of long-term antibiotic therapy on gut microbiome composition and metabolic profile in pulmonary tuberculosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние длительной антибиотикотерапии на состав и метаболический профиль кишечного микробиома при туберкулезе легких</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunusbaeva</surname><given-names>Milyausha M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнусбаева</surname><given-names>Миляуша Мусиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, ChemBio Cluster</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник химико-биологического кластера</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Terentyeva</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терентьева</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Engineer, ChemBio Cluster; Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инженер химико-биологического кластера; младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики </p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodina</surname><given-names>L. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородина</surname><given-names>Л. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Phthisiologist, Deputy Chief Physician for Organizational and Methodological Work</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-фтизиатр высшей категории, зам. главного врача по организационно-методической работе </p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закирова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Tuberculosis Monitoring Office</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-фтизиатр, зав. кабинетом мониторинга туберкулеза </p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulatov</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булатов</surname><given-names>Ш. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., главный врач</p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bilalov</surname><given-names>F. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Билалов</surname><given-names>Ф. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head Physician; Assistant Professor, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный врач </p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunusbayev</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнусбаев</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник, доцент</p></bio><email>milyausha_ufa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ITMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Antituberculous Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Республиканский клинический противотуберкулезный диспансер</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Башкирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-10-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1079</fpage><lpage>1088</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-04"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Yunusbaeva M.M., Terentyeva D.R., Borodina L.Y., Zakirova A.M., Bulatov S.E., Bilalov F.S., Yunusbayev B.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Юнусбаева М.М., Терентьева Д.Р., Бородина Л.Я., Закирова А.М., Булатов Ш.Э., Билалов Ф.С., Юнусбаев Б.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yunusbaeva M.M., Terentyeva D.R., Borodina L.Y., Zakirova A.M., Bulatov S.E., Bilalov F.S., Yunusbayev B.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юнусбаева М.М., Терентьева Д.Р., Бородина Л.Я., Закирова А.М., Булатов Ш.Э., Билалов Ф.С., Юнусбаев Б.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/16867">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/16867</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The use of long-term multicomponent antibiotic therapy is the most effective way to treat tuberculosis (TB). However, little is known about the effect of this chemotherapy on the human intestinal microflora. The purpose of this study was to analyze an effect of long-term antibiotic therapy on gut microbiome composition and metabolic profile in TB patients. We used deep sequencing of fecal samples from 23 treatment-naive TB patients to reconstruct the metabolic capacity and strain/species-level abundance in the gut microbiome. Two fecal samples were obtained from each patient: before and after treatment. We showed that TB treatment regimen does not disrupt the overall diversity of the gut microbiome but does have an impact on gut bacterial microbiome composition and metabolic profile. While taking first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide), TB patients showed an apparent increase in Actinobacteria abundance. Pairwise comparison of metagenomic data revealed 28 differentially represented bacterial taxa, of which three species <italic>Bacteroides cellulosilyticus</italic>, <italic>Enterocloster aldensis</italic>, <italic>Clostridium spiroforme </italic>were strongly enriched in TB patients post-chemotherapy, whereas 25 species were enriched in TB patients before treatment <italic>(Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Enterococcus faecium, Bacteroides salyersiae, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Lachnospira eligens, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus lactaris</italic>, etc.<italic>)</italic> (p &lt; 0.05). The metabolic profile of the gut microbiome was characterized by increased metabolic processes aimed at the growth and division of microbial cells. Iron is the main limiting factor for growth and reproduction. In addition, it is important to note the prevalence of glycolysis and lactate fermentation as the major means for energy production by intestinal microbiota.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Использование длительной многокомпонентной антибиотикотерапии является самым эффективным способом лечения туберкулеза (ТБ). Однако мало известно о влиянии данной химиотерапии на кишечную микрофлору человека. Целью данного исследования является изучение влияния длительной многокомпонентной антибиотикотерапии на состав и метаболический профиль кишечного микробиома больных ТБ. В исследовании использовались образцы ДНК фекалий, полученные от 23 больных туберкулезом легких. От каждого пациента было получено две пробы биоматериала: до начала лечения и через два месяца после прохождения интенсивной фазы химиотерапии. Сравнительный анализ метагеномных данных секвенирования микробиома кишечника больных ТБ показал, что длительный многокомпонентный режим лечения ТБ не нарушает общего разнообразия микробиома кишечника, однако оказывает влияние на бактериальный состав и метаболический профиль микробиома. На фоне приема противотуберкулезных препаратов (ПТП) первого ряда (изониазид, рифампицин, этамбутол, пиразинамид) наблюдается статистически значимое увеличение представителей филума <italic>Actinobacteria</italic>. Парное сравнение метагеномных данных пациентов выявило 28 дифференциально представленных таксонов бактерий, из которых три вида <italic>Bacteroides cellulosilyticus</italic>, <italic>Enterocloster aldensis</italic>, <italic>Clostridium spiroforme </italic>преобладали в микробиоме больных ТБ после прохождения химиотерапии, тогда как 25 видов превалировали в группе больных до лечения (<italic>Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Enterococcus faecium, Bacteroides salyersiae, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides eggerthii, Lachnospira eligens, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus lactaris</italic> и др.) (p &lt; 0,05). Метаболический профиль микробиома кишечника характеризовался усилением метаболических процессов, направленных на рост и деление микробных клеток. Железо является главным лимитирующим фактором роста и размножения. Кроме того, важно отметить превалирование гликолиза и ферментации лактата как основных способов получения энергии кишечной микробиотой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>gut microbiome</kwd><kwd>dysbiosis</kwd><kwd>intestinal bacteria</kwd><kwd>metabolism</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз</kwd><kwd>кишечные бактерии</kwd><kwd>метаболизм</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arrieta M.C., Arevalo A., Stiemsma L., Dimitriu P., Chico M.E., Loor S., Vaca M., Boutin R., Morien E., Jin M., Turvey S.E., Walter J., Parfrey L., Cooper P.J., Finlay B. Associations between infant fungal and bacterial dysbiosis and childhood atopic wheeze in a nonindustrialized setting. J. Allergy. Clin. 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