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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1669</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TEA-1669</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The epidemiological and clinical study of patients with <italic>clostridium difficile</italic> enterocolitis in Varna, Bulgaria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Энтероколит, вызванный <italic>clostridium difficile</italic>: клинико-эпидемиологическое исследование пациентов инфекционной клиники г. Варны, Болгария</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-3934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyutsova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Люцова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Dermatovenereology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры инфекционных болезней, паразитологии и дерматовенерологии</p></bio><email>evalkova83@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gospodinova</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Господинова</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, PhD, MD (Medicine), Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Dermatovenereology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, д.м.н., руководитель кафедры инфекционных болезней, паразитологии и дерматовенерологии</p></bio><email>dr_m_gospodinova@abv.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical University Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский университет им. профессора Параскева Стоянова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>366</fpage><lpage>372</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Lyutsova E.D., Gospodinova M.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Люцова Е.Д., Господинова М.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lyutsova E.D., Gospodinova M.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Люцова Е.Д., Господинова М.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1669">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1669</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Introduction.</italic> <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> infections (CDI) remain a global health concern. Currently, no unified approach to the diagnostics and determining severity of these infections despite their high urgency throughout the world was proposed. The aim of the study is to identify risk factors for CDI, investigate clinical and epidemiological features of the disease course and potential for using the ATLAS scale to assess its severity. <italic>Materials and methods.</italic> 36 CDI patients hospitalized at the Infectious Disease Clinic of Varna were analyzed during the period from January 2018 until June 2019. Clinical and epidemiologic study was conducted. The diagnosis was made by using a rapid immunochromatographic test; CDI patient stratification was performed by ATLAS scoring system. <italic>Results and discussion.</italic> Within the aforementioned period, 1100 patients were hospitalized at the Infectious Disease Clinic of Varna, and CDIs were reported in 3,3% of cases. The most affected were elderly individuals (the mean age was 69,8±16,4 years old) most of whom were females (92%) with only 6% of males. The following risk factors were investigated: comorbidities — 32 patients (88,89%), recent hospitalization — 19 patients (52,78%), antibiotic use — 31 patients (86,11%). Twenty-four patients (66,67%, ATLAS score ≤ 4 points) had mild CDI, whereas moderate form of CDI was observed in 12 patients (33,33%). No severe CDI or death were observed. The characteristic clinical presentation included fever, diarrhea and abdominal cramping. The treatment was implemented according to the national and international recommendations by using oral Metronidazole for 11 patients (30,56%), Vancomycin — for 12 patients (33,33%), or both — for 13 patients (36,11%). <italic>Conclusion.</italic> Patients at risk with symptoms of enterocolitis and a history of antibiotic use or hospitalizations should be screened for the presence of toxin-forming strains of <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention (ECDC) the diagnostic yield of CDI may be increased by using two-step protocol, whereas the ATLAS score system may be a useful tool for routine evaluation of patients with CDI.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Введение.</italic> Ассоциированные с <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic> инфекции (CDI) продолжают оставаться угрозой глобальному здравоохранению. На сегодняшний день отсутствует унифицированный подход к диагностике и определению степени тяжести данных инфекций несмотря на высокую актуальность проблемы во всем мире. Цель нашего исследования — определение факторов риска CDI, изучение клинико-эпидемиологических особенностей течения инфекции и возможности использования шкалы ATLAS для оценки степени ее тяжести. <italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> Было проведено клинико-эпидемиологическое исследование 36 пациентов с диагнозом CDI, госпитализированных в инфекционную клинику г. Варны в период с января 2018 г. по июнь 2019 г. Этиологический диагноз был поставлен с помощью иммунохроматографического метода, для оценки степени тяжести течения CDI была использована шкала ATLAS. <italic>Результаты и обсуждение.</italic> Больные энтероколитом, вызванным <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>, занимают 3,3% в структуре больных кишечными инфекциями, зарегистрированных в инфекционной клинике г. Варны в период с января 2018 г. по июнь 2019 г. Средний возраст обследуемых пациентов составлял 69,8±16,4 лет, 92% из них были женского пола, а 6% — мужского. Были установлены следующие факторы риска развития CDI: коморбидность — у 32 (88,89%) пациентов, предшествующие госпитализации — у 19 (52,78%), антибактериальное лечение, предшествующее развитию диареи, — у 31 (86,11%). У 24 (66,67%) пациентов заболевание протекало в легкой форме (ATLAS от 0 до 4 баллов), а у 12 (33,33%) — в среднетяжелой форме. Случаи тяжелого течения или летального исхода не наблюдались. Наиболее характерными симптомами заболевания были лихорадка, диарея и боли в животе. Проведенное лечение отвечало нормам действующих национальных и международных рекомендаций: 11 (30,56%) пациентам была назначена монотерапия пероральным медикаментом метронидазолом, 12 (33,33%) — монотерапия пероральным антибиотиком ванкомицином, а остальным 13 (36,11%) — пероральная комбинация из двух антибиотиков. <italic>Выводы.</italic> Пациенты из групп риска с симптомами энтероколита и данными из анамнеза об употреблении антибиотиков или наличии госпитализаций должны проходить исследование на наличие токсинообразующих штаммов <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>. Диагностическая точность выявления CDI может быть повышена с помощью использования двухфазового протокола, предложенного Европейским центром по профилактике и контролю инфекционных заболеваний (ECDC), а выбор оптимальной тактики лечения может быть улучшен с помощью использования шкалы ATLAS.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Clostridium difficile</kwd><kwd>CDI</kwd><kwd>enterocolitis</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>comorbidities</kwd><kwd>ATLAS</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Clostridium difficile</kwd><kwd>CDI</kwd><kwd>энтероколит</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>коморбидность</kwd><kwd>ATLAS</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Campbell K.A., Phillips M.S., Stachel A., Bosco J.A III, Mehta S.A. Incidence and risk factors for hospital-acquired Clostridium diffcile infection among inpatients in an orthopaedic tertiary care hospital. J. Hosp. 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