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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-SFO-1662</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Salient features of circulating respiratory viruses in the pre- and pandemic influenza and COVID-19 seasons</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности циркуляции респираторных вирусов в пред- и пандемические по гриппу и COVID-19 периоды</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-9873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Kiseleva - PhD, MD (Biology), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Professor, Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical technologies, St. Petersburg State University.</p><p>197376, St. Petersburg, Academician Pavlov str., 12.</p><p>Phone: +7 (812) 234-68-60. Fax: +7 (812) 234-68-68.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киселева Ирина Васильевна – доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая лабораторией общей вирусологии ИЭМ; профессор кафедры фундаментальных проблем медицины и медицинских технологий СПбГУ.</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. академика Павлова, 12.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (812) 234-68-60. Факс: 8 (812) 234-68-68</p><p>SPIN-код eLIBRARY: 7857-7306</p></bio><email>irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1171-3383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>nvlarionova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-6502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorieva</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Мedicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of General Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории общей вирусологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>epgrigorieva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4532-6210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ksenafontov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ксенафонтов</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>ksenandrey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-4126</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Al Farroukh</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль Фаррух</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>mouhammad1farroukh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Мedicine), Professor, Head of the A.A. Smorodintsev Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>vaccine@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1009</fpage><lpage>1019</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-07-12"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Grigorieva E.P., Ksenafontov A.D., Al Farroukh M., Rudenko L.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Григорьева Е.П., Ксенафонтов А.Д., Аль Фаррух М., Руденко Л.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva I.V., Larionova N.V., Grigorieva E.P., Ksenafontov A.D., Al Farroukh M., Rudenko L.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева И.В., Ларионова Н.В., Григорьева Е.П., Ксенафонтов А.Д., Аль Фаррух М., Руденко Л.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1662">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1662</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A wide variety of zoonotic viruses that can cross the interspecies barrier promote the emergence of new, potentially pandemic viruses in the human population that is often accompanied by the disappearance of existing circulating strains. Among the various reasons underlying this phenomenon is the strengthening of herd immunity by expanding the immune layer of population and improving means and methods of medical care. However, natura abhorret vacuum, and new pathogens come to replace disappearing ones. Over the past ten years, humanity has faced two pandemics: swine flu A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and COVID-19 in 2019, providing scientists with a unique opportunity to learn more about a relationship between respiratory viruses and their pathogenesis. Together with viruses of pandemic significance, a large number of seasonal respiratory viruses circulate, which contribute to the structure of human morbidity, and coinfections aggravate the condition of the illness. In the conditions of the spread of new viruses with unexplored characteristics, in the absence of means of prevention and therapy, it is especially important to prevent the aggravation of morbidity due to mixed infections. Here we review the mutual involvement of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and seasonal respiratory viruses in the epidemic process, discuss some issues related to their spread, potential causes affecting the spread and severity of the morbidity. The given facts testify to the existence of seasonality and temporal patterns of the beginning and end of respiratory viruses circulation. Interestingly, the beginning of circulation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus led to a shift in the timing and intensity of circulation of some respiratory viruses, which is probably caused by existence of “replication conflicts” between them, and did not affect others. Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2-19 and other respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses, was quite often observed. At the current stage, no aggravating effect of influenza on the course of COVID-19 in mixed infection has been established. Whether this is due to the mild course of influenza infection in the 2020 epidemic season, or the competitive impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza viruses is not yet clear. Experts are still at the stage of accumulating facts and working on creating means of effective prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus infection.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Широкое разнообразие зоонозных вирусов, способных преодолевать межвидовой барьер, ведет к появлению в человеческой популяции новых, потенциально пандемических вирусов. Это часто сопровождается исчезновением существующих циркулирующих штаммов. Среди разнообразных причин данного явления — укрепление популяционного иммунитета за счет расширения иммунной прослойки населения и совершенствования средств и методов медицинской помощи. Однако природа не терпит пустоты (Natura abhorret vacuum), и на смену исчезающим патогенам приходят новые. За последние десять лет человечество столкнулось с двумя пандемиями: гриппа свиного происхождения А(H1N1)pdm09 в 2009 г. и COVID-19 в 2019 г., что предоставило ученым уникальную возможность как можно больше узнать о взаимоотношениях респираторных вирусов и их патогенезе. Совместно с вирусами, имеющими пандемическое значение, циркулирует множество сезонных респираторных вирусов, которые вносят свой вклад в структуру заболеваемости людей, а сочетанные инфекции отягчают состояние заболевших. В условиях распространения новых вирусов с неизученными характеристиками при отсутствии средств профилактики и терапии особенно актуально предотвратить отягчение заболеваемости за счет смешанных инфекций. В этом обзоре рассматривается взаимное участие в эпидемическом процессе пандемических вирусов (вируса гриппа А(H1N1)pdm09 и коронавируса SARS-CoV-2) и сезонных респираторных вирусов, обсуждаются некоторые вопросы, связанные с их распространением, возможные социальные и климатические причины, влияющие на распространение и тяжесть заболевания, а также приводятся факты, свидетельствующие о существовании сезонности и временных закономерностей начала и окончания циркуляции респираторных вирусов. Интересно, что начало циркуляции пандемического вируса гриппа А(H1N1)pdm09 привело к смещению сроков и интенсивности циркуляции одних респираторных вирусов, что, вероятно, вызвано существованием между ними «конфликтов репликации», и не затронуло другие респираторные вирусы. Довольно часто наблюдали сочетанное заражение SARS-CoV-2 и другими респираторными вирусами, особенно респираторно-синцитиальным вирусом и риновирусами. На сегодняшний день не установлено отягчающего влияния гриппа на течение COVID-19 при смешанной инфекции. Еще не ясно, вызвано ли это мягким течением гриппозной инфекции в эпидсезоне 2020 г. или конкурентным воздействием SARS-CoV-2 на вирусы гриппа. Специалисты пока занимаются накоплением фактов и работой над созданием средств эффективной профилактики и лечения новой коронавирусной инфекции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidemics</kwd><kwd>interpandemic period</kwd><kwd>pandemics</kwd><kwd>pandemic period</kwd><kwd>acute respiratory viral infections</kwd><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпидемии</kwd><kwd>межпандемический период</kwd><kwd>пандемии</kwd><kwd>пандемический период</kwd><kwd>острые респираторные вирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>грипп</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Базан О.И. Патологоанатомическая служба в блокадном Ленинграде. Научный анализ, личные воспоминания. СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб., 2006. 134 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	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