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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1633</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-EAO-1633</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evolutionary aspects of gastrointestinal tract microbiome-host interaction underlying gastrointestinal barrier integrity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюционные аспекты взаимодействия микробиома желудочно-кишечного тракта и организма-хозяина в формировании целостности гастроинтестинального барьера</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loskutov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лоскутов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>
</p><p>PhD (Agriculture), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering</p>




<p>
</p><p> </p>
</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>
</p><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биотехнологии и биоинженерии</p>
</bio><email>lislosk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proshin</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прошин</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Department of Medicine and Valeology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>
</p><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры медико-валеологических дисциплин</p>
</bio><email>lislosk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabukhin</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябухин</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>
</p><p>к.х.н., старший научный сотрудник</p>
</bio><email>lislosk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute for Food Additives — Branch of V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт пищевых добавок — филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова» РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Herzen University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А.И. Герцена</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-09-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-11-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>819</fpage><lpage>826</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-07-28"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Loskutov S.I., Proshin S.N., Ryabukhin D.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Лоскутов С.И., Прошин С.Н., Рябухин Д.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Loskutov S.I., Proshin S.N., Ryabukhin D.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лоскутов С.И., Прошин С.Н., Рябухин Д.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1633">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1633</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the host sustenance and homeostasis, the microbiome is a key component in the functional system. Throughout ontogenetic development, microbiome including that of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the vital factor that ensures not only host functioning, but also its interaction with environment. To uncover the mechanisms underlying GIT microbiome showing a decisive influence on host organism, a systematic approach is needed, because diverse microorganisms are predominantly localized in different parts of the GIT. Recently, a new interdisciplinary direction of science, nanobioinformatics that has been extensively developed considers “gene networks” as the major object of study representing a coordinated group of genes that functionally account for formation and phenotypic “disclosure” of various host traits. Here, an important place should be provided to the genetically determined level of the gastrointestinal tract microbiome, its interaction at the level of the host food systems. There have been increasing evidence indicating that the microbiome is directly involved in the pathogenesis of host diseases showing a multi-layered interaction with host metabolic and immune systems. At the same time, the microbial community is unevenly distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and its different portions are variously active while interacting with the host immune system. The “architecture” of interaction between the microbiome and host cells is extremely complex, and the interaction of individual cells, at the same time, varies greatly. Bacteria colonizing the crypts of the small intestine regulate enterocyte proliferation by affecting DNA replication and gene expression, while bacteria at the tip of the intestinal villi mediate gene expression responsible for metabolism and immune response. Enterocytes and Paneth cells, in turn, regulate the vital activity of the community of microorganisms through the production of polysaccharides (carbohydrates) and antibacterial factors on their surface. Thus, the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier (GIB) is maintained, which protects the body from infections and inflammation, while violation of its integrity leads to a number of diseases. It has been shown that depending on the dominance of certain types of bacteria the microbiome can maintain or disrupt GIB integrity. The structural and functional GIB integrity is important for body homeostasis. To date, at least 50 proteins have been characterized as being involved in the structural and functional integrability of tight junctions between gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. The current review comprehensively discusses such issues and presents original research carried out at various facilities of translational biomedicine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ключевым компонентом функциональной системы жизнеобеспечения и поддержания гомеостаза организма-хозяина является микробиом. На протяжении всего онтогенетического развития, микробиом, включая микробиоту желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ), является тем витальным фактором, который обеспечивает не только функционирование организма-хозяина, но и его взаимодействие с окружающей средой. Чтобы раскрыть механизмы, на основе которых микробиом ЖКТ оказывает решающее влияние на организм-хозяина, необходим системный подход, поскольку разные микроорганизмы в разной степени присутствуют в тех или иных отделах ЖКТ. Получившее в последнее время интенсивное развитие новое междисциплинарное направление науки — нанобиоинформатика — рассматривает в качестве основного объекта изучения «генные сети», представляющие собой координируемую группу генов, функционально обеспечивающих формирование и фенотипическое «раскрытие» различных признаков у организма-хозяина. Важное место здесь должно быть уделено генетически детерминированному уровню микробиома ЖКТ, его взаимодействию на уровне пищевых систем организма-хозяина. Появляется все больше данных, указывающих на то, что микробиом прямо участвует в патогенезе заболеваний организма-хозяина, комплексно взаимодействуя с метаболической и иммунной системами хозяина. При этом микробное сообщество неравномерно распределено по ЖКТ, а разные его отделы по-разному активны при взаимодействии с иммунной системой организма-хозяина. «Архитектура» взаимодействия между микробиомом и клетками организма-хозяина чрезвычайно комплексна, а взаимодействие отдельных клеток при этом сильно различается. Бактерии, колонизирующие крипты тонкого кишечника, регулируют пролиферацию энтероцитов, оказывая влияние на репликацию ДНК и экспрессию генов, тогда как бактерии на верхушках ворсинок кишечника опосредуют экспрессию генов, отвечающих за метаболизм и иммунный ответ. Энтероциты и клетки Панета, в свою очередь, регулируют жизнедеятельность сообщества микроорганизмов через продукцию полисахаридов (карбогидратов) и антибактериальных факторов на своей поверхности. Таким образом, поддерживается целостность гастроинтестинального барьера (ГИБ), который защищает организм от инфекций и воспаления, тогда как нарушение его целостности приводит к ряду заболеваний. Показано, что микробиом в зависимости от доминирования определенных видов бактерий может поддерживать или нарушать целостность ГИБ. Структурно-функциональная целостность ГИБ важна для гомеостаза организма. К настоящему времени охарактеризовано не менее 50 белков, участвующих в структурно-функциональной интегративности плотных контактов между эпителиальными клетками ЖКТ. В предложенном обзоре рассмотрены именно эти вопросы. В нем представлены оригинальные исследования, выполненные на различных объектах трансляционной биомедицины.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal barrier</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>protein</kwd><kwd>translational biomedicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>гастроинтестинальный барьер</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>белок</kwd><kwd>трансляционная биомедицина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное задание Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGUS 2022-0017</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ВНИИПД – филиал ФГБНУ «ФНЦ пищевых систем им. 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