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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1629</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-SAN-1629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sepsis-3: new edition — old problems. analysis from the perspective of general pathology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Сепсис-3»: новая редакция — старые проблемы. Анализ с позиции общей патологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Inflammation Immunology</p><p>Yekaterinburg </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н, профессор, зав. лабораторией иммунологии воспаления </p><p>г. Екатеринбург</p></bio><email>gusev36@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9788-1243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зотова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Zotova,  PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Inflammation Immunology; Associate Professor, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics</p><p>620049, Yekaterinburg, Pervomayskaya str., 106</p><p>Phone: +7 (343) 374-00-70 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зотова Наталья Владимировна,  к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунологии воспаления; доцент кафедры медицинской биохимии и биофизики</p><p>620049, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Первомайская, 106</p><p>Тел.: 8 (343) 374-00-70</p></bio><email>zotovanat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chereshnev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черешнев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Research Supervisor </p><p>Yekaterinburg </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, научный руководитель </p><p>г. Екатеринбург </p></bio><email>mchereshneva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Институт иммунологии и физиологии Уральского отделения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>649</fpage><lpage>662</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-01"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Gusev E.Y., Zotova N.V., Chereshnev V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Гусев Е.Ю., Зотова Н.В., Черешнев В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gusev E.Y., Zotova N.V., Chereshnev V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гусев Е.Ю., Зотова Н.В., Черешнев В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1629">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1629</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sepsis-3 Guidelines defines sepsis as an organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection. To record organ dysfunction, the SOFA/quick SOFA scales were recommended. In fact, in medical practice, sepsis is considered nothing more than a critical infection that requires intensive care. Therefore, sepsis is pathogenetically a nonhomogeneous condition manifested by diverse nosologies and syndromes. Unlike the previous two editions, Sepsis-1 and Sepsis-2 Guidelines, the formal criteria provided in the Sepsis-3 are closer to the de facto position, describe more specific, but less sensitive features to predict mortality. However, the initial, latent manifestations of critical conditions, which can be relatively effectively controlled by intensive therapy, remain outside the Sepsis-3 criteria. Not all signs of multiple organ dysfunctions (according to the Sepsis-3 criteria) will require intensive care. Hence, obviously the presence or absence of formal criteria of Sepsis-3 will not be always taken into account while verifying sepsis. The only relatively pathogenetically homogeneous definition in Sepsis-3 is “septic shock”. However, it also does not fully consider the staging (according to the degree of compensation of hemodynamic disturbances) and the phasing (according to the severity of the proinflammatory response) of the dynamics of the shock condition. From our point of view, a positive result of the Sepsis-3 consensus would be in transition of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) from the main to additional (optional) verifying sepsis criteria. We also believe that the weak side of the Sepsis-3 Guidelines is in underestimated mechanisms of systemic inflammation as a general pathological process in the genesis of developing critical conditions of various origins. From the perspective of general pathology, sepsis is a combination of the three common fundamental pathological processes: classical (canonical) and systemic inflammation (SI), as well as chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (parainflammation), the latter can be considered as an unfavorable background for development of the former two processes. All three processes are characterized by any SIR signs and require to be differentiated on the basis of integral criteria, which reflect specific blocks of the SI complex process. The pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) is a relevant example underlying inevitability of such approach. The systemic microvascular vasculitis, and its main clinical manifestations such as systemic microcirculatory disorders in the form of shockogenic conditions is the SI pathogenetic basis. Apparently, one of the modalities for further evolution of critical care medicine will be coupled to development of a more multilayered but effective methods for assessing pathogenesis of critical states and more differentiated methods of pathogenetic therapy. Therefore, it will require to modernize a number of fundamental premises in our knowledge about pathobiology, pathophysiology, and general pathology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Документ «Сепсис-3» («Третий международный консенсус по определению сепсиса и септического шока») дает определение сепсиса как органной дисфункции, регистрируемой с помощью шкал SOFA/quick SOFA и связанной с дисрегуляцией ответа организма на инфекцию. Фактически в медицинской практике сепсис — это не более чем критическая инфекция, требующая интенсивной терапии. Поэтому сепсис патогенетически неоднороден, включает различные нозологические и синдромальные составляющие. В отличие от двух предыдущих редакций «Сепсис-1» и «Сепсис-2», в документе «Сепсис-3» формальные критерии сепсиса более приближены к положению де-факто, характеризуются большей специфичностью, но меньшей чувствительностью для прогноза летальности. Однако начальные, латентные проявления критических состояний, которые относительно эффективно купируются интенсивной терапией, могут оставаться за рамками критериев «Сепсис-3». Также не все признаки полиорганной дисфункции (согласно критериям «Сепсис-3») будут нуждаться в купировании с помощью интенсивной терапии. Поэтому очевидно, что наличие или отсутствие формальных критериев «Сепсис-3» не всегда будет учитываться при верификации сепсиса. Патогенетически относительно однородная дефиниция в «Сепсис-3» — это «септический шок». Однако и она не в полной степени учитывает стадийность (по степени компенсации нарушений гемодинамики) и фазность (по степени выраженности провоспалительного ответа) динамики шокового состояния. С нашей точки зрения, позитивным результатом консенсуса «Сепсис-3» является перевод синдрома системного воспалительного ответа (СВО) из основных критериев верификации сепсиса в дополнительные (факультативные). Слабой стороной считаем недооценку механизмов системного воспаления как общепатологического процесса в патогенезе критических состояний различной природы. С позиции общей патологии сепсис является сочетанием трех фундаментальных общепатологических процессов: классического (канонического) и системного воспаления (СВ), а также хронического системного воспаления низкой интенсивности (паравоспаления), рассматриваемого в качестве неблагоприятного фона для развития первых двух процессов. Все три процесса характеризуются теми или иными признаками СВО и нуждаются в дифференциации. А для этого необходимы комплексные критерии, отражающие конкретные звенья процессокомплекса СВ. Актуальным примером неизбежности применения такого подхода может служить патогенез COVID-19 (инфекции SARS-CoV-2). Патогенетической основой СВ является системный микрососудистый васкулит, а основными клиническими проявлениями — системные микроциркуляторные расстройства в виде шокогенных состояний. По-видимому, одним из направлений дальнейшего развития медицины критических состояний будет разработка более сложных, но эффективных методов оценки патогенеза критических состояний и более дифференцированных методов патогенетической терапии. В свою очередь, это потребует модернизации ряда фундаментальных положений в системе знаний патобиологии, патофизиологии и общей патологии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>systemic inflammatory reaction</kwd><kwd>systemic inflammation</kwd><kwd>septic shock</kwd><kwd>microcirculation</kwd><kwd>parainflammation</kwd><kwd>common pathological process</kwd><kwd>chronic low-grade inflammation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>системная воспалительная реакция</kwd><kwd>системное воспаление</kwd><kwd>септический шок</kwd><kwd>микроциркуляция</kwd><kwd>паравоспаление</kwd><kwd>общепатологические процессы</kwd><kwd>хроническое воспаление низкой интенсивности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (registration number NIOKTR No. АААА-А18-118020590108-7).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках госзадания ИИФ УрО РАН (регистрационный номер НИОКТР № АААА-А18-118020590108-7).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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