<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TTQ-1622</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">To the question regarding accuracy of COVID-2019 laboratory diagnostics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>К вопросу о точности лабораторной диагностики COVID-2019</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), RAS Corresponding Member, Professor, Director of the Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор, директор.</p><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13-15</p></bio><email>kulichenko_an@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-5738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarkisyan</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саркисян</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nushik S. Sarkisyan - PhD (Medicine), Head of the Consulting and Preventive Work, Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics.</p><p>355035, Stavropol, Sovetskaya str., 13-15, Phone: +7 (962) 425-01-29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саркисян Нушик Сааковна - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделом консультационно-профилактической работы, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики.</p><p>355035, Ставрополь, ул. Советская, 13-15, Тел.: 8 (962) 425-01-29</p></bio><email>nyshik25@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФКУЗ Ставропольский противочумный институт Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Kulichenko A.N., Sarkisyan N.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Куличенко А.Н., Саркисян Н.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulichenko A.N., Sarkisyan N.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куличенко А.Н., Саркисян Н.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1622">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1622</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Issues of accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of PCR-analysis depending on features of performing preanalytical and analytical stages of laboratory diagnostics of COVID-19, as well as comparing PCR and lung computed tomography (CT) results have been analyzed in the study. Currently, a molecular genetic test based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for diagnostics of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). As of November 1, 2020, more than 750 million PCR tests have been conducted globally. Evidence accumulated by now allows to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the SARS-CoV-2-specific PCR as high as 82—91% and 99—100%, respectively. In addition, increased PCR sensitivity may be noted upon performing repeated testing of the upper respiratory tract samples comprising 82.2% during the primary analysis that was further elevated up to 90.6% after two consecutive tests. A whole set of factors affect the PCR accuracy. In particular, false negative data might result from insufficient amount of virus-coupled genetic material in the sample, timeframe and mistakes made upon selecting biological samples. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA was detected at the maximum diagnostic sensitivity in the upper respiratory tract 1—3 days before the onset of symptoms and sustained within the 5—6 days after disease onset. Such period of time is associated with the peak risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. On week 2 after disease onset, there have been noted elevated rate of detecting viral RNA in bronchopulmonary samples. The duration of detecting virus-related markers (including those found in the absence of viable virus forms) correlates with disease severity and may last for as long as 1—2 months. Another real-world issue related to PCR analysis is posed by an opportunity of obtaining false positive data, which solution requires high level organized laboratory research, especially in case large-scale studies. Upon that, it is worth noting that positive PCR results may account for detecting solely certain RNA-related fragments present in any sample, rather than a viable virus. It was noted that PCR in comparison to CT analysis demonstrates higher specificity, but does not allow to distinguish pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 from pneumonia caused by other etiological agents (up to 25% false positive results). However, the diagnostic CT sensitivity was 97.2% that exceeds such parameter for PCR by 10—15%. It was concluded that the approach combining use of both PCR and CT by taking into account their own features as well as factors affecting the accuracy of the data obtained, allows us to correctly interpret the diagnostical results.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрены вопросы точности (чувствительности и специфичности) ПЦР-анализа в зависимости от особенностей выполнения преаналитического и аналитического этапов лабораторной диагностики COVID-19, а также сравнение результатов полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) и компьютерной томографии (КТ) легких. В настоящее время основным методом диагностики новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 является молекулярно-генетический тест — ПЦР. По данным на 1 ноября 2020 г. методом ПЦР в мире проведено более 750 млн исследований. Накопленный к настоящему времени опыт позволяет оценить диагностическую чувствительность метода в 82—91%, специфичность — в 99—100%. Имеются данные о повышении чувствительности ПЦР при повторном исследовании образцов из верхних дыхательных путей, которая составила 82,2% при первичном анализе и 90,6% после двух последовательных тестов. На точность анализа оказывает влияние целый ряд факторов. Причинами ложноотрицательных результатов молекулярных тестов могут быть недостаточное количество генетического материала вируса в пробе, сроки и погрешности при отборе биологических образцов. Установлено, что РНК вируса SARS-CoV-2 с максимальной диагностической чувствительностью выявляется в верхних дыхательных путях за 1—3 дня до появления симптомов и далее в течение 5—6 дней после начала болезни. В этот период наблюдается наивысший риск передачи возбудителя инфекции. На второй неделе болезни отмечается увеличение частоты детекции вирусной РНК в бронхо-легочном материале. Продолжительность детекции маркеров вируса (в том числе при отсутствии жизнеспособных форм) коррелирует с тяжестью заболевания и может достигать 1—2 мес. Другая реальная проблема ПЦР-анализа — возможность ложноположительных ответов. Ее решение требует высокого уровня организации лабораторных исследований, особенно при их значительных объемах. При этом важно, что положительные ответы ПЦР означают присутствие в образце не жизнеспособного вируса, а только фрагментов его РНК. Отмечено, что ПЦР-анализ имеет большую специфичность по сравнению с КТ, которая не дает возможности отличить пневмонию, вызванную SARS-CoV-2, от пневмоний другой этиологии (до 25% ложноположительных ответов). Но диагностическая чувствительность КТ составляет 97,2%, что превышает значение этого показателя для ПЦР на 10—15%. Сделано заключение, что только комплексный подход с использованием ПЦР и КТ, с учетом особенностей этих методов и факторов, влияющих на точность получаемых данных, позволяет правильно интерпретировать результаты диагностики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>virus SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>diagnostic sensitivity</kwd><kwd>analytical sensitivity</kwd><kwd>RT-PCR</kwd><kwd>computer tomography</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>вирус SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>диагностическая чувствительность</kwd><kwd>аналитическая чувствительность</kwd><kwd>ОТ-ПЦР</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Бухарова О., Рузанова Н. Найти и обезвредить. Как можно пройти диагностику на коронавирус / Российская газета. 2020. 21 февраля (№ 8092). URL: https://rg.ru/2020/02/20/kak-mozhno-projti-diagnostiku-na-koronavirus.html (20.02.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Московские врачи предложили включить больницы для лечения коронавируса и пневмонии в единую систему / mos-gorzdrav.ru. 2020. 9 апреля. URL: https://mosgorzdrav.ru/ru-RU/news/default/card/3748.html (09.04.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19): временные методические рекомендации. Версия 9 (26.10.2020). Минздрав РФ, 2020. 236 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4.	Ai T., Zhenlu Y., Hongyan H., Chenao Z., Chong C., Wenzhi L., Qian T., Ziyong S., Liming X. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. J. Radiology, 2020, vol. 296, pp. 32—40. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.	Alcoba-Florez J., Gil-Campesino H., Garcia-Martinez de Artola D., Gonzalez-Montelongo R., Valenzuela-Fernandez A., Ciuffreda L., Flores C. Sensitivity of different RT-qPCR solutions for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 99, рр. 190-192. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.23.20137455</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6.	Bergant M., de Marco A. Diagnostics and monitoring of COVID-19 infection — current understanding. Preprints, 2020: 2020050316. doi: 10.20944/preprints202005.0316.v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7.	CDC. 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR diagnostic panel: instructions for use. URL: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download (12.01.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8.	Chan J.F., Yip C.C., To K.K., Tang T.H., Wong S.C., Leung K.H., Fung A.Y., Ng A.C., Zou Z., Tsoi H.W., Choi G.K., Tam A.R., Cheng V.C., Chan K.H., Tsang O.T., Yuen K.Y. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2020, vol. 58, no. 5: e00310-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00310-20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9.	Chen Y., Liangjun C., Qiaoling D., Guqin Z., Kaisong W., Lan N., Yibin Y., Bing L., Wang W., Chaojie W., Jiong Y., Guangming Y., Cheng Z. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients. J. Med Virol., 2020, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 833-840. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25825</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10.	Cheng H.Y., Jian S.W., Liu D.P., Ng T.C., Huang W.T., Lin H.H.; Taiwan COVID-19 Outbreak Investigation Team. Contact tracing assessment of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in taiwan and risk at different exposure periods before and after symptom onset. JAMA Intern. Med., 2020, vol. 180, no. 9, pp. 1156-1163. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.	Cheng M.P., Papenburg J., Desjardins M., Kanjilal S., Quach C., Libman M., Dittrich S., Yansouni C.P. Diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2: a narrative review. Ann. Intern. Med., 2020, vol. 172, no. 11, pp. 726-734. doi: 10.7326/M20-1301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12.	Corman V.M., Landt O., Kaiser M., Molenkamp R., Meijer A., Chu D.K., Bleicker T., Brunink S., Schneider J., Schmidt M.L., Mulders D.G., Haagmans B.L., van der Veer B., van den Brink S., Wijsman L., Goderski G., Romette J.L., Ellis J., Zambon M., Peiris M., Goossens H., Reusken C., Koopmans M.P., Drosten C. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill., 2020, vol. 25, no. 3: 2000045. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13.	Fang Y., Zhang H., Xie J., Lin M., Ying L., Pang P., Ji W. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology, 2020, vol. 296, no. 2, pp. 115-117. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14.	Guan W.J., Ni Z.Y., Hu Y., Liang W.H., Ou C.Q., He J.X., Liu L., Shan H., Lei C.L., Hui DSC, Du B., Li L.J., Zeng G., Yuen K.Y., Chen R.C., Tang C.L., Wang T., Chen P.Y., Xiang J., Li S.Y., Wang J.L., Liang Z.J., Peng Y.X., Wei L., Liu Y., Hu Y.H., Peng P., Wang J.M., Liu J.Y., Chen Z., Li G., Zheng Z.J., Qiu S.Q., Luo J., Ye C.J., Zhu S.Y., Zhong N.S.; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. Engl. J. Med., 2020, vol. 382, no. 18, pp. 1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.	He X., Lau EHY, Wu P., Deng X., Wang J., Hao X., Lau Y.C., Wong J.Y., Guan Y., Tan X., Mo X., Chen Y., Liao B., Chen W., Hu F., Zhang Q., Zhong M., Wu Y., Zhao L., Zhang F., Cowling B.J., Li F., Leung G.M. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med., 2020, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 672-675. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16.	Hu E. COVID-19 testing: challenges, limitations and suggestions for improvement. Preprints 2020: 2020040155. doi: 10.20944/preprints202004.0155.v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17.	Hu Z., Song C., Xu C., Jin G., Chen Y., Xu X., Ma H., Chen W., Lin Y., Zheng Y., Wang J., Hu Z., Yi Y., Shen H. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci. China Life Sci., 2020, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 706-711. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18.	James A.S., Alawneh J.I. COVID-19 infection diagnosis: potential impact of isothermal amplification technology to reduce community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel), 2020, vol. 10, no. 6: 399. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10060399</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.	Kanne J.P., Little B.P., Chung J.H., Elicker B.M., Ketai L.H. Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update — radiology scientific expert panel. Radiology, 2020, vol. 296, no. 2, pp. 113-114. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20.	Kim S., Kim D., Lee B. Insufficient sensitivity of RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene of SARS-CoV-2 viral genome as confirmatory test using Korean COVID-19 cases. Preprints, 2020: 2020020424. doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.0424.v1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21.	Li D., Wang D., Dong J., Wang N., Huang H., Xu H., Xia C. False-negative results of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: role of deep-learning-based CT diagnosis and sights from two cases. Korean J. Radiol., 2020, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 505-508. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22.	Li N., Wang X., Lv T. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding: not a rare phenomenon. J. Med. Virol., 2020, vol. 92, no. 11, pp. 2286-2287. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25952</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23.	Li Y., Xia L. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. Am. J. Roentgenol., 2020, vol. 214, no. 6, pp. 1280-1286. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.22954</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24.	Liu W.D., Chang S.Y., Wang J.T., Tsai M.J., Hung C.C., Hsu C.L., Chang S.C. Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patient with COVID-19. J. Infect., 2020, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 318-356. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25.	Loeffelholz M.J., Tang Y.W. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections — the state of the art. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 747-756. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26.	Long C., Xuc H., Shen Q., Zhang X., Fan B., Wang C., Zeng B., Li Z., Li X., Li H. Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT? Eur. J. Radiol., 2020, vol. 126: 108961. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108961</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27.	Lu X., Wang L., Sakthivel S.K., Whitaker B., Murray J., Kamili S., Lynch B., Malapati L., Burke S.A., Harcourt J., Tamin A., Thornburg N.J., Villanueva J.M., Lindstrom S. US CDC real-time reverse transcription PCR panel for detection of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1654-1665. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.201246</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28.	Lu Y., Deng W., Liu M., He Y., Huang L., Lv M., Li J., Du H. Symptomatic Infection is associated with prolonged duration of viral shedding in mild coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study of 110 children in Wuhan. Pediatric Infect. Dis. J., 2020, vol. 39, no. 7, p. e95-e99. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002729</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29.	Maricic T., Nickel O., Aximu-Petri A., Essel E., Gansauge M., Kanis P., Macak D., Riesenberg S., Bokelmann L., Zeberg H., Meyer M., Borte S., Paabo S. A direct RT-qPCR approach to test large numbers of individuals for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv preprint, 2020, June 26. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139501</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30.	Miller T.E., Garcia Beltran W.F., Bard A.Z., Gogakos T., Anahtar M.N., Astudillo M.G., Yang D., Thierauf J., Fisch A.S., Mahowald G.K., Fitzpatrick M.J., Nardi V., Feldman J., Hauser B.M., Caradonna T.M., Marble H.D., Ritterhouse L.L., Turbett S.E., Batten J., Georgantas N.Z., Alter G., Schmidt A.G., Harris J.B., Gelfand J.A., Poznansky M.C., Bernstein B.E., Louis D.N., Dighe A., Charles R.C., Ryan E.T., Branda J.A., Pierce V.M., Murali M.R., Iafrate A.J., Rosenberg E.S., Lennerz J.K. Clinical sensitivity and interpretation of PCR and serological 1 COVID-19 diagnostics for patients presenting to the hospital. FASEB J., 2020, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 13877-13884. doi: 10.1096/fj.202001700RR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31.	Pan Y., Zhang D., Yang P., Poon L.M., Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 411-412. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32.	Salehi S., Abedi A., Balakrishnan S., Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. Am. J. Roentgenol., 2020, vol. 215, no. 1, pp. 87-93. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.23034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33.	Tahmasebi S., Khosh E., Esmaeilzadeh A. The outlook for diagnostic purposes of the 2019-novel coronavirus disease. J. Cell Physiol., 2020, vol. 235, no. 12, pp. 9211-9229. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29804</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34.	van Kampen J.J.A., van de Vijver D.A.M.C., Fraaij P.L.A., Haagmans B.L., Lamers M.M., Okba N., van den Akker J.P.C., Endeman H., Gommers D.A.M.P.J., Cornelissen J.J., Hoek R.A.S., van der Eerden M.M., Hesselink D.A., Metselaar H.J., Verbon A., de Steenwinkel J.E.M., Aron G.I., van Gorp E.C.M., van Boheemen S., Voermans J.C., Boucher C.A.B., Molenkamp R., Koopmans M.P.G., Geurtsvankessel C., van der Eijk A.A. Duration and key determinants of infectious virus shedding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nat. Commun., 2021, vol. 12, no. 1: 267. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20568-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35.	Wang M., Wu Q., Xu W., Qiao B., Wang J., Zheng H., Jiang S., Mei J., Wu Z., Deng Y., Zhou F., Wu W., Zhang Y., Zhihua L., Huang J., Guo X., Feng L., Xia Z., Li D., Xu Z., Liu T., Zhang P., Tong Y., Li Y. Clinical diagnosis of 8274 samples with 2019-no-vel coronavirus in Wuhan. medRxiv preprint, 2020, February 18. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.12.20022327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36.	Weiss A., Jellingsoe M., Sommer M.O.A. Spatial and temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EBioMedicine, 2020, vol. 58: 102916. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102916</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37.	WHO. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19. 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/temp/who-2019-ncov-ipc-masks-2020-4-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=20ec1cbf_2 (05.06.2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38.	Wikramaratna P.S., Paton R.S., Ghafari M., I.ourenco J. Estimating the false-negative test probability of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Euro Surveill., 2020, vol. 25, no. 50: 2000568. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000568</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39.	Williams T.C., Wastnedge E., Allister G., Bhatia R., Cuschieri K., Kefala K., Fiona J.H., Johannessen I., Iaurenson I.F., Shepherd J., Stewart A., Waters D., Wise H., Templeton K. Sensitivity of RT-PCR testing of upper respiratory tract samples for SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalised patients: a retrospective cohort study. medRxiv preprint, 2020, June 20. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.19.20135756</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40.	Wolfel R., Corman V.M., Guggemos W., Seilmaier M., Zange S., Muller M.A., Niemeyer D., Jones T.C., Vollmar P., Rothe C., Hoelscher M., Bleicker T., Brunink S., Schneider J., Ehmann R., Zwirglmaier K., Drosten C., Wendtner C. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature, 2020, vol. 581, no. 7809, pp. 465-469. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41.	Xie X., Zhong Z., Zhao W., Zheng C., Wang F., Iiu J. Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. J. Radiology, 2020, vol. 296, no. 2, pp. 41-45. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200343</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42.	Yang H., Ian Y., Yao X., Iin S., Xie B. Evaluation on the diagnostic efficiency of different methods in detecting COVID-19. medRxiv preprint, 2020, June 26, doi: 10.1101/2020.06.25.20139931</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43.	Yang W., Dang X., Wang Q., Xu M., Zhao Q., Zhou Y., Zhao H., Wang I., Xu Y., Wang J., Han S., Wang M., Pei F., Wan Y. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. Using reverse transcription RT-IAMP method. medRxiv preprint, 2020, March 03. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.02.20030130</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44.	Yang W., Yan F. Patients with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 and normal chest CT. J. Radiology, 2020, vol. 295, no. 2: E3. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200702</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45.	Young B.E., Sean-Wei X.O., Kalimuddin S., Iow J.G., Tan S.Y., Ioh J., Ng O.-T., Marimuthu K., Ang I.W., Mak T.M., Iau S.K., Anderson D.E., Chan K.S., Tan T.Y., Ng T.Y., Cui I., Zubaidah S., Kurupatham I., Chen M.I-C., Chan M., Vasoo S., Wang I.F., Tan B.H., Tzer R. Iin P., Jian V., Iee M., Ieo Y.-S., Iye D.C. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA, 2020, vol. 323, no. 15, pp. 1488-1494. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3204</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46.	Yuan J., Kou S., Iiang Y., Zeng J.F., Pan Y., Iiu I. Polymerase chain reaction assays reverted to positive in 25 discharged patients with COVID-19. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 71, no. 16, pp. 2230-2232. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa398</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47.	Zhou B., She J., Wang Y., Ma X. The duration of viral shedding of discharged patients with severe COVID-19. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 71, no. 16, pp. 2240-2242. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa451</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48.	Zhou R., Ii F., Chen F., Iiu H., Zheng J., Iei C., Wu X. Viral dynamics in asymptomatic patients with COVID-19. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 96, pp. 288-290. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49.	Zou I., Ruan F., Huang M., Iiang I., Huang H., Hong Z., Yu J., Kang M., Song Y., Xia J., Guo Q., Song T., He J., Yen H.I., Peiris M., Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, vol. 382, no. 12, pp. 1177-1179. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
