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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1584</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-MIA-1584</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Melioidosis in aspects of epidemiology, clinic, and laboratory diagnostics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мелиоидоз в аспектах эпидемиологии, клиники и лабораторной диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-7658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina B. Zakharova - PhD (Biology), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Volgograd Plague Control Research Institute.</p><p>400131, Volgograd, Golubinskaya str., 7.</p><p>Phone: +7 (844) 237-33-65</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Ирина Борисовна - Кандидат биологических наук, доцент, заведующая отделом микробиологического мониторинга особо опасных инфекций.</p><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (844) 237-33-65</p></bio><email>zib279@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-4657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toporkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топорков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V.Toporkov - PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Director of Volgograd Plague Control Research Institute.</p><p>400131, Volgograd, Golubinskaya str., 7.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Топорков Андрей Владимирович - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, директор.</p><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7.</p></bio><email>toporkov-andreyy@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2722-7948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Viktorov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викторов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Viktorov - PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Deputy Director of Volgograd Plague Control Research Institute.</p><p>400131, Volgograd, Golubinskaya str., 7.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Викторов Дмитрий Викторович - доктор биологических наук, доцент, заместитель директора.</p><p>400131, Волгоград, ул. Голубинская, 7.</p></bio><email>dvictorov09@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd Plague Control Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>409</fpage><lpage>422</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-27"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Zakharova I.B., Toporkov A.V., Viktorov D.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Захарова И.Б., Топорков А.В., Викторов Д.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.B., Toporkov A.V., Viktorov D.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Б., Топорков А.В., Викторов Д.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1584">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1584</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Melioidosis is a life-threatening infection caused by <italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei</italic>, an environmental Gram-negative bacterium, inhabitant of moist soils in the tropics and subtropics. There is no licensed vaccine against melioidosis. The main routes of <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> infection are percutaneous inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Individual cases of vertical, sexual, zoonotic, and nosocomial transmission of melioidosis are described. Risk factors for infection are contact with soil or water (especially during the rainy season). The age over 45, type 2 diabetes, alcoholism, liver disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, and thalassemia, as well as long-term use of steroids and immunosuppressive therapy, are the main susceptibility factors for melioidosis. Among the affected adult residents of endemic regions, 80% had one or more predisposing factors, among children — about 20%. No significant influence of concomitant diseases on the development of melioidosis in travelers was found. Less than 50% of patients had predisposing factors. The incubation period of melioidosis ranges within 1—21 days; on average, 9 days, in case of sizeable infectious dose, it can be less than one day. There is no post-infectious immunity, and reinfection can occur with a different <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> strain after successful treatment. <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can invade and multiply inside a wide range of cells, including phagocytic. The acute form of melioidosis is characterized by pneumonia, multiple abscesses, bacteremia, and systemic sepsis. Chronic, subacute, and latent forms are also possible. Antimicrobial therapy is divided into the initial intensive phase and the subsequent eradication phase. <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> is resistant to penicillins, first- and second-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and in some cases to co-trimoxazole, and rarely to ceftazidime. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in reducing severe complications leading to high mortality, and in preventing disease recurrences. However, there is no pathognomonic melioidosis-specific feature, and the disease is not well known to physicians and microbiologists. The results of serological tests for detection of specific antibodies are ambiguous. The bacterial load of the tested sample limits the detection of antigens. Among the accelerated methods for identifying the causative agent of melioidosis, PCR has the highest sensitivity and specificity. Automated identification using microbiological analyzers generally shows good results, but about 15% of isolates are misidentified. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization is potentially useful for rapid identification of <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic>. However, existing databases require optimization by adding the reference spectra for <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мелиоидоз — тяжелое инфекционное заболевание людей и животных, против которого в настоящее время не существует эффективной вакцины. Возбудитель мелиоидоза — <italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei</italic> — сапрофит, входящий в состав микробиоты влажных почв тропических и субтропических стран. Наблюдается значительный рост количества завозных случаев мелиоидоза в страны умеренного климата. Заражение мелиоидозом преимущественно происходит чрескожно, аэрогенно и при употреблении контаминированной воды. Описаны отдельные случаи вертикальной, половой, зоонозной и нозокомиальной передачи мелиоидоза. Предрасполагающими к развитию инфекции факторами в эндемичных странах являются возраст старше 45 лет, сахарный диабет 2 типа, алкоголизм, заболевания печени, хронические заболевания легких, почек и талассемия, а также длительное применение стероидов и иммуносупрессивной терапии. Достоверно подтвержденного влияния сопутствующих заболеваний на развитие мелиоидоза у путешественников не обнаружено — предрасполагающие факторы имели менее 50% заболевших. Инкубационный период заболевания варьирует в пределах 21 дня (в среднем 9 дней), при высокой инфицирующей дозе имеет продолжительность менее суток, но может быть и весьма длительным. Постинфекционного иммунитета нет, возможно повторное заражение. <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> обладает обширным набором факторов вирулентности, позволяющим успешно избегать врожденного иммунного ответа хозяина, выживать и размножаться в широком диапазоне клеток, включая фагоцитирующие, что в совокупности с целым рядом других факторов определяет высокий уровень летальности мелиоидоза. Для острой формы мелиоидоза характерны пневмония, множественные абсцессы, бактериемия и системный сепсис. Лечение длительное, включает внутривенный и пероральный курсы антибиотиков. <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> устойчив к пенициллинам, первому и второму поколению цефалоспоринов, аминогликозидам, макролидам, хлорамфениколу, фторхинолонам, тетрациклинам, триметоприму, а в некоторых случаях и ко-тримоксазолу и редко к цефтазидиму. Ранняя диагностика и надлежащее лечение имеют решающее значение для уменьшения ведущих к высокой смертности серьезных осложнений и предотвращения рецидивов заболевания. Однако мелиоидоз не имеет патогномоничных признаков, и это заболевание мало известно врачам и микробиологам. Выделение культуры <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic> из любого клинического образца является диагностическим. Колонии возбудителя выглядят как посторонняя микрофлора и часто выбрасываются как не имеющие клинического значения. Результаты серологических тестов на выявление антител к возбудителю мелиоидоза неоднозначны. Выявление антигенов лимитировано бактериальной нагрузкой в исследуемом образце. Из ускоренных методов выявления возбудителя мелиоидоза и его идентификации наибольшей чувствительностью и специфичностью обладает ПЦР. Автоматическая идентификация с использованием микробиологических анализаторов обычно дает хорошие результаты, но около 15% изолятов идентифицируются неверно. Времяпролетная масс-спектрометрия с матрично-активированной лазерной десорбцией/ионизацией точно идентифицирует практически все штаммы при дополнении базы данных эталонными спектрами для <italic>B. pseudomallei</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melioidosis</kwd><kwd>Burkholderia pseudomallei</kwd><kwd>epidemiology of melioidosis</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мелиоидоз</kwd><kwd>Burkholderia pseudomallei</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология мелиоидоза</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>пневмония</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Захарова И.Б., Bui T.L.A., Шпак И.М., Тетерятникова Н.Н. Мелиоидоз во Вьетнаме. Актуальные вопросы мониторинга Burkholderia pseudomallei. 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