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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15645</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-GAO-15645</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genomic analysis of <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> strains virulence and antibiotic resistance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геномный анализ вирулентности и антибиотикорезистентности штаммов <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samoilova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самойлова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Biological Products</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории биопрепаратов</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head of the Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology; Professor of the Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. лабораторией медицинской бактериологии; профессор кафедры микробиологии</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Biological Products; Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medical Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биопрепаратов; доцент кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии института медицинского образования</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saitova</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саитова</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant-Researcher, Metagenomic Research Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь группы метагеномных исследований</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polev</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полев</surname><given-names>Д. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Head of the Metagenomic Research Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник, руководитель группы метагеномных исследований</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vashukova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вашукова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Deputy Chief Physician for Medical Care Development</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зам. главного врача по развитию медицинской помощи</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeeva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bacteriologist, Head of the Centralized Bacteriological Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-бактериолог высшей категории, зав. централизованной бактериологической лабораторией</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bacteriologist, Head of the Bacteriological Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-бактериолог высшей категории, зав. бактериологической лабораторией</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Beljatich</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белятич</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bacteriologist, Head of the Bacteriological Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-бактериолог высшей категории, зав. бактериологической лабораторией</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Pathogenic Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лабораторией молекулярной генетики патогенных микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabalina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабалина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Pathogenic Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики патогенных микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>samoilova@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital named after S.P. Botkin, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиническая инфекционная больница им. С.П. Боткина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Epidemiology Centre in St. Petersburg of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУЗ Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в городе Санкт-Петербурге</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Hospital No. 14, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская больница № 14</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-05-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>350</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Samoilova A.A., Kraeva L.A., Mikhailov N.V., Saitova A.T., Polev D.E., Vashukova M.A., Gordeeva S.A., Smirnova E.V., Beljatich L.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Самойлова А.А., Краева Л.А., Михайлов Н.В., Саитова А.Т., Полев Д.Е., Вашукова М.А., Гордеева С.А., Смирнова Е.В., Белятич Л.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Samoilova A.A., Kraeva L.A., Mikhailov N.V., Saitova A.T., Polev D.E., Vashukova M.A., Gordeeva S.A., Smirnova E.V., Beljatich L.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Самойлова А.А., Краева Л.А., Михайлов Н.В., Саитова А.Т., Полев Д.Е., Вашукова М.А., Гордеева С.А., Смирнова Е.В., Белятич Л.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/15645">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/15645</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recently, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> strains have become widespread both in community-acquired infectious processes and in nosocomial infections. There are two pathotypes of <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>: classical (cKp) and hypervirulent (hvKp). Representatives of any pathotype are prone to acquire and further transmit genetic factors of antibiotic resistance and virulence. This combination accounts for severity of the infectious process. Therefore, information about whether the strain belongs to either pathotype can help in prescribing proper therapy. Since there is no consensus upon hypervirulence marker, we attempted to find the most significant combinations of genetic markers of virulence and antibiotic resistance in <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains. The study was aimed to conduct a genomic analysis of virulence and antibiotic resistance of <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> clinical isolates. Materials and methods. There were examined 85 strains of <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> isolated from diverse clinical material samples from patients in large St. Petersburg hospitals. In our work, we used classical bacteriological methods, including determination of the hypermucoviscous type using the “string test”, the mass spectrometric method (MALDI-ToF MS) for identifying bacteria, molecular methods for studying markers of virulence and antibiotic resistance (multilocus sequence typing, genome sequencing of <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains). Results. Among the studied <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains, the most common carbapenemase genes were OXA-48 (18.7%) and NDM-1 genes — 17.3% of strains; in 6.7% of strains, NDM-1 and OXA-48 genes were found simultaneously. The percentage of strains with β-lactamase genes CTX-M-15 was 54.7%, OXA-1 — 17.3%, TEM-1D — 13.3%, and in 17.3% of cases the OXA-1 and TEM-1D genes were simultaneously present in bacterial strains. Quinolone resistance genes were found in 68.4% of strains. The most common genes were <italic>qnrS1</italic> (40% of strains) and <italic>qnrB1</italic> (22.7%). Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 23.5% and 64.7% strains were resistant to colistin and carbapenems, respectively. 32.9% <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains, isolated in patients with phlegmon, pneumonia, sepsis, and peritonitis, had a hypermucoid phenotype. The most common sequence types were: ST395 (24.3%), ST23 (17.6%) and ST512 (9.5%). 8% and 25.3% of strains belonged to capsule types K1 and K2, respectively. The polyketide synthesis locus <italic>ybt</italic>, which characterizes virulent strains, was detected in 69.3% isolates, and the <italic>clb</italic> locus was present in 10.7% of strains. In 73.3% and 14.7% strains, the plasmid-associated virulence loci <italic>iuc</italic> and <italic>iro</italic> were identified, which encode the biosynthesis of the siderophores aerobactin and salmochelin. We described 44 cases (58.7% of strains) of genotypic convergence of virulence and antibiotic resistance, as shown by simultaneously detected the aerobactin <italic>(iuc)</italic> locus and β-lactamase or carbapenemase genes. Thus, identification of hypervirulence may provide valuable information for the clinical management of patients with hvKp infections. Therefore, it is is obviously necessary to develop comprehensive diagnostic test for simultaneous screening of multidrug-resistant hypervirulent <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> strains.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние годы штаммы <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> получили широкое распространение как при внебольничных инфекционных процессах, так и при нозокомиальных инфекциях. Выделяют два патотипа <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>: классический (cKp) и гипервирулентный (hvKp). Представители любого патотипа склонны к приобретению и дальнейшей передаче генетических факторов антибиотикорезистентности и вирулентности, что может помочь при назначении адекватной терапии. Поскольку не существует универсально согласованного отдельного маркера гипервирулентности, нами предпринята попытка найти наиболее значимые комбинации генетических маркеров вирулентности и антибиотикорезистентности у штаммов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Цель исследования — выявление наиболее значимых комбинаций генетических маркеров вирулентности и антибиотикорезистентности для характеристики клинических изолятов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Материалы и методы. Исследовали 85 штаммов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, выделенных из проб различного клинического материала от пациентов крупных стационаров Санкт-Петербурга. В работе использовали классические бактериологические методы, в том числе определение гипермукоидного типа с помощью «стринг-теста», масс-спектрометрический метод (MALDI-TOF MS) для идентификации бактерий, молекулярные методы для изучения маркеров вирулентности и антибиотикорезистентности (мультилокусное сиквенс-типирование, секвенирование генома штаммов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>). Результаты. Среди всех исследованных штаммов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> самыми распространенными генами карбапенемаз были гены OXA-48 (18,7%) и NDM-1 — 17,3% штаммов, в 6,7% штаммов гены NDM-1 и OXA-48 присутствовали одновременно. Доля штаммов с генами β-лактамаз CTX-M-15 составила 54,7%, OXA-1 — 17,3%, TEM-1D — 13,3% и в 17,3% случаев в штаммах одновременно присутствовали гены OXA-1 и TEM-1D. Гены резистентности к хинолонам встречались у 68,4% штаммов. Самыми распространенными генами были <italic>qnrS1</italic> (40% штаммов) и <italic>qnrB1</italic> (22,7%). Фенотипическая оценка чувствительности штаммов показала, что резистентностью к колистину обладали 23,5%, к карбапенемам — 64,7% штаммов. Гипермукоидным фенотипом обладали 32,9% изолятов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, выделенные при флегмоне, пневмонии, сепсисе, перитоните. Наиболее распространенными сиквенс-типами оказались: ST395 (24,3%), ST23 (17,6%) и ST512 (9,5%). К капсульным типам К1 и К2 принадлежали 8% и 25,3% штаммов соответственно. Локус синтеза поликетидов <italic>ybt</italic>, характеризующий вирулентные штаммы, был выявлен у 69,3% изолятов, а локус <italic>clb</italic> присутствовал в 10,7% штаммов. У 73,3% и 14,7% штаммов были определены ассоциированные с плазмидой локусы вирулентности <italic>iuc</italic> и <italic>iro</italic> соответственно, которые кодируют биосинтез сидерофоров аэробактина и сальмохелина. Мы обнаружили 44 случая (58,7% штаммов) генотипической конвергенции вирулентности и антибиоткорезистентности, на что указывает одновременное наличие локуса аэробактина <italic>(iuc)</italic> и генов β-лактамаз или карбапенемаз. Таким образом, идентификация гипервирулентности может представлять ценную информацию для клинического ведения пациентов с hvKp-инфекциями. Поэтому очевидна необходимость разработки комплексного диагностического теста для одновременного скрининга множественно-устойчивых гипервирулентных штаммов <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypervirulence</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>genome-wide sequencing</kwd><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>hvKp</kwd><kwd>cKp</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипервирулентность</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>hvKp</kwd><kwd>cKp</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Агеевец В.A., Агеевец И.В., Сидоренко С.В. Конвергенция множественной резистентности и гипервирулентности у Klebsiella pneumoniae // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2022. Т. 12, № 3. C. 450–460. [Ageevets V.A., Ageevets I.V., Sidorenko S.V. 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