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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15626</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-COC-15626</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Characteristics of children living with HIV in a referral center in Iran: a cross-sectional study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Характеристика детей, живущих с ВИЧ в Иране, по данным специализированной клиники: поперечное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hassannezhad</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасаннежад</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdolsalehi</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдолсалехи</surname><given-names>М.Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor, Department of Infectious Disease, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент кафедры инфекционных заболеваний Педиатрического центра передового опыта Детского медицинского центра</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manshadi</surname><given-names>S.A.D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маншади</surname><given-names>С.А.Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asadi</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асади</surname><given-names>С.М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shahmohamadi</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шахмохамади</surname><given-names>Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abbaspour</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аббаспюр</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jahani</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джахани</surname><given-names>Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>SeyedAlinaghi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>СейедАлинаги</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, MPhil, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., магистр философии, доктор философии, доцент</p></bio><email>s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иранский исследовательский центр ВИЧ/СПИД, Иранский институт снижения поведения высокого риска, Тегеранский университет медицинских наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тегеранский университет медицинских наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иранский исследовательский центр ВИЧ/СПИД, Иранский институт снижения поведения высокого риска</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-15"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-27"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Hassannezhad M., Abdolsalehi M., Manshadi S., Asadi S., Shahmohamadi E., Abbaspour F., Jahani S., SeyedAlinaghi S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Хасаннежад М., Абдолсалехи М., Маншади С., Асади С., Шахмохамади Э., Аббаспюр Ф., Джахани Ш., СейедАлинаги С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hassannezhad M., Abdolsalehi M., Manshadi S., Asadi S., Shahmohamadi E., Abbaspour F., Jahani S., SeyedAlinaghi S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хасаннежад М., Абдолсалехи М., Маншади С., Асади С., Шахмохамади Э., Аббаспюр Ф., Джахани Ш., СейедАлинаги С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/15626">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/15626</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background.</italic> With an estimated 38.4 million people worldwide living with HIV in 2021, including 2.73 million children, there is a pressing need to understand and address HIV transmission and its impact on children’s health. This study aims to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical profiles, and outcomes of Iranian children living with HIV referred to one of the largest center for counseling HIV patients in Iran.</p> <p><italic>Materials and methods</italic>. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we assessed clinical and biological markers in HIV-infected children treated at the counseling center for behavioral diseases in a referral Hospital in Tehran. The study included a total of 60 records of children and adolescents under the age of 18, spanning from 2004 to 2020. We collected detailed clinical and laboratory data, including demographic information, treatment history, comorbidities, opportunistic infections, adherence to treatment, side effects of HIV treatment, and laboratory test results. Additionally, the study investigated any history of COVID-19 infection during the follow-up period, which coincided with the pandemic.</p> <p><italic>Results</italic>. Out of the 60 patients included in the study, there were 23 females (38.3%) and 37 males (61.6%), with a mean age of 10.03 years. About 16.7% of patients had at least one comorbidity, including epilepsy, ADHD, autoimmune hepatitis, ITP, allergic asthma, alopecia areata, and cystic fibrosis. Among the mothers of these children, 93.9% were HIV-positive. Out of the 60 mothers, 6.7% were not infected with the virus, 60% were receiving treatment, and 10% had passed away. Treatment adherence was acceptable in 93.3% of patients. Opportunistic infectious diseases were experienced by 36.7% of patients, with oral candidiasis being the most common. Hospitalizations occurred in 21 patients, primarily due to pneumonia, fever, weakness, lethargy, and oral thrush.</p> <p><italic>Conclusions.</italic> Investigating the demographic, clinical profile, and long-term outcomes of pediatric HIV is crucial for policymakers to effectively address the ongoing HIV epidemic. Given the significant knowledge gap on pediatric HIV in Iran, further studies in this area are necessary to improve understanding and inform strategies for the prevention, management, and treatment of HIV in children in the country.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>История вопроса.</italic> Учитывая, что в 2021 г. во всем мире по приблизительным оценкам будет насчитываться 38,4 млн человек, живущих с ВИЧ, включая 2,73 млн детей, существует острая необходимость решения проблемы передачи ВИЧ и изучения влияния ВИЧ-инфекции на здоровье детей. Целью данного исследования является описание демографических характеристик, клинических профилей и результатов лечения иранских детей, живущих с ВИЧ, направленных в один из крупнейших центров консультирования пациентов с ВИЧ в Иране.</p> <p><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic> В настоящем описательном перекрестном исследовании мы оценили клинические и биологические маркеры у ВИЧ-инфицированных детей, находящихся на лечении в консультационном центре по поведенческим заболеваниям специализированной больницы в Тегеране. В исследование включено в общей сложности 60 записей о детях и подростках в возрасте до 18 лет с 2004 по 2020 г. Мы собрали подробные клинические и лабораторные данные, включая демографические сведения, историю лечения, сопутствующие заболевания, оппортунистические инфекции, приверженность лечению, побочные эффекты от лечения ВИЧ и результаты лабораторных исследований. Кроме того, в ходе исследования изучалась любая история заражения COVID-19 в течение периода наблюдения, который совпадал с пандемией.</p> <p><italic>Результаты.</italic> В исследование было включено 60 пациентов, в том числе 23 ребенка женского пола (38,3%) и 37 – мужского пола (61,6%); средний возраст 10,03 года. Около 16,7% пациентов имели по крайней мере одно сопутствующее заболевание, включая эпилепсию, СДВГ, аутоиммунный гепатит, идиопатическая тромбоцитопеническую пурпуру, аллергическую астму, очаговую алопецию и муковисцидоз. Среди матерей таких детей 93,9% оказались ВИЧ-положительными. Из 60 матерей 6,7% не были инфицированы вирусом, 60% получали лечение, а 10% скончались. Приверженность лечению была приемлемой у 93,3% пациентов. Оппортунистические инфекционные заболевания наблюдались у 36,7% пациентов, наиболее часто встречался кандидоз полости рта. Госпитализация имела место в анамнезе у 21 пациента, основными ее причинами были пневмония, лихорадка, слабость, летаргия и молочница полости рта.</p> <p><italic>Вывод.</italic> Исследование демографического, клинического профиля и долгосрочных последствий ВИЧ-инфекции у детей имеет решающее значение для эффективного противодействия продолжающейся эпидемии ВИЧ. Учитывая значительный пробел в знаниях о ВИЧ у детей в Иране, необходимы дальнейшие исследования в этой области для улучшения понимания и обоснования стратегий профилактики, ведения и лечения ВИЧ у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>pediatric care</kwd><kwd>adolescents</kwd><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>antiviral therapy</kwd><kwd>Iran</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>педиатрическая помощь</kwd><kwd>подростки</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекции</kwd><kwd>противовирусная терапия</kwd><kwd>Иран</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abubakari A., Issah H., Mutaka M.A.O., Asumah M.N. Determinants of virological failure in HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a retrospective cross-sectional study in the upper east region of Ghana. 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