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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1519</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-TUO-1519</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The use of statistical phylogenetics in virology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование методов статистической филогенетики в вирусологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-1835</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakulenko</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакуленко</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior ResearcherMIMP, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First MSMU PhD-student, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov MSU.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник Институт медицинской паразитологии, тропических и трансмиссивных заболеваний им. Е.И. Марциновского, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова; аспирант биологического факультета, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>vjulia94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7365-0352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukashev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукашев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), RAS Full Member, Director of Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First MSMU; Leading Researcher Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First MSMU.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института медицинской паразитологии, тропических и трансмиссивных заболеваний им. Е.И. Марциновского, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова; ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт молекулярной медицины, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><email>alexander_lukashev@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0789-4601</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deviatkin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девяткин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei A. Deviatkin - PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher.</p><p>119048, Moscow, Trubetskaya str., 8/2, Phone: +7 (495) 609-14-00</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Девяткин Андрей Андреевич - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, Институт молекулярной медицины.</p><p>119048, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8/2, Тел.: 8 (495) 609-14-00</p></bio><email>andreideviatkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт медицинской паразитологии, тропических и трансмиссивных заболеваний им. Е.И. Марциновского, Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной медицины, Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-02-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-07-13"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Vakulenko Y.A., Lukashev A.N., Deviatkin A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Вакуленко Ю.А., Лукашев А.Н., Девяткин А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vakulenko Y.A., Lukashev A.N., Deviatkin A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вакуленко Ю.А., Лукашев А.Н., Девяткин А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1519">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1519</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Molecular phylogenetics, particularly statistical phylogenetics, is widely used to solve the fundamental and applied problems in virology. Bayesian, or statistical, phylogenetic methods, which came into practice 10—15 years ago, markedly expanded the range of questions that can be answered based on analyzing nucleotide and amino acid sequences. An opportunity of using various evolution models allows inferring the chronology, geography and dynamics of the infection spreading. For example, analysis of globally distributed HIV group M by Bayesian methods demonstrated with a probability of 99% that the most recent common ancestor of these viruses existed in the surroundings of the city of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the early 1920s. Another study showed that H9N2 influenza virus most likely passed on to humans from wild ducks in Hong Kong in the late 1960s. In addition, using of the Bayesian analysis allows to evaluating the effect of measures taken on the development of the epidemic process. For example, it was shown retrospectively that the rate of hepatitis C virus infection cases in Egypt increased by several orders of magnitude in the mid-20th century. A sharp rise in new case rate is associated with the treatment for schistosomiasis by using non-sterile repeatedly used syringes. A set of Bayesian analysis methods has been applied in tens of thousands of researches describing various aspects of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases in humans and animals. This was facilitated by the development and accessibility of software that implements these methods. The complexity of Bayesian phylogenetic methods imposes strict requirements on the data being analyzed. The correctness of the phylogenetic analysis data depends on various factors. For example, it is necessary to choose an evolutionary model that most adequately describes the studied objects. A mandatory step in formulating the results is the justification of the selected model. For viruses, the acquisition of genetic elements from other organisms is typical, therefore, the genomes even from closely related viruses may have non-homologous regions unsuitable for phylogenetic analysis. Another aspect is the creation of a representative dataset. Sometimes, all stages of the analysis are not indicated in publications, so that the data obtained can be interpreted ambiguously. The correct use of statistical phylogenetics methods in virology is possible only upon understanding their principles, proper methods of data preparation and evolutionary model selection criteria.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Молекулярная филогенетика, и в частности статистическая филогенетика, широко применяется для решения фундаментальных и прикладных задач вирусологии. Байесовские, или статистические, филогенетические методы, вошедшие в практику 10—15 лет назад, значительно расширили круг вопросов, на которые можно получить ответы, исходя из анализа нуклеотидных и аминокислотных последовательностей. Возможность использования разных моделей эволюции позволяет восстанавливать хронологию, географию и динамику распространения инфекции. Например, при анализе последовательностей ВИЧ глобально распространенной группы M байесовскими методами филогеографического анализа было показано, что последний общий предок этих вирусов с вероятностью 99% возник в окрестностях города Киншаса (Демократическая Республика Конго) в начале 1920-х гг. В другой работе показали, что серотип вируса гриппа H9N2, скорее всего, перешел к человеку от диких уток в Гонконге в конце 60-х гг. ХХ в. Кроме того, при помощи байесовского анализа можно оценить влияние определенных событий или принимаемых мер на развитие эпидемического процесса. Так, например, ретроспективно было показано, что число заражений вирусом гепатита С в Египте увеличилось на несколько порядков в середине ХХ в. Резкий рост новых случаев связывают с началом лечения шистосомоза. Лекарство вводили при помощи уколов, нестерильные шприцы применяли многократно. Набор методов байесовского анализа был использован в десятках тысяч исследований, описывающих разные аспекты возникновения и распространения инфекционных заболеваний человека и животных. Сложность байесовских филогенетических методов определяет строгие требования к анализируемым данным. Корректность результатов филогенетического анализа зависит от ряда факторов. Например, необходим выбор эволюционной модели, наиболее адекватно описывающей исследуемые объекты. Обязательным этапом при формулировании результатов является обоснование выбранной модели. Для вирусов характерно заимствование генетических элементов из других организмов, поэтому геномы даже близкородственных вирусов могут иметь негомологичные участки, непригодные для филогенетического анализа. Другим условием является создание репрезентативной выборки исследуемых объектов. Зачастую в публикациях не указываются все этапы выполнения анализа, из-за чего полученные результаты могут трактоваться неоднозначно. Корректное использование методов статистической филогенетики в вирусологии возможно только при понимании принципов их работы, способов подготовки данных для анализа, критериев выбора эволюционных моделей для исследования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>molecular epidemiology</kwd><kwd>Bayesian phylogenetics</kwd><kwd>viral populations</kwd><kwd>investigation of infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>recombination</kwd><kwd>evolutionary models</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молекулярная эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>байесовская филогенетика</kwd><kwd>вирусные популяции</kwd><kwd>расследование вспышек инфекционных заболеваний</kwd><kwd>рекомбинация</kwd><kwd>модели эволюции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-115-50403</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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