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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-AIA-1512</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Аntibacterial inorganic agents: efficiency of using multicomponent systems</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антибактериальные неорганические агенты: эффективность использования многокомпонентных систем</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-5209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meleshko</surname><given-names>А. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелешко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Meleshko - PhD (Technical Sciences), Researcher, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University.</p><p>198504, St. Petersburg, Petergof, Universitetskii pr., 26</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мелешко Александра Александровна - кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник Института химии.</p><p>198504, Санкт-Петербург, Петергоф, Университетский пр., 26, Тел.: 8 921 325-67-55</p></bio><email>alya_him@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8175-0708</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afinogenova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афиногенова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Head of Laboratory Testing Centre, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute ration; Professor of Surgical Dentistry Department, St. Petersburg SU.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель испытательного лабораторного центра ФБУН НИИЭМ имени Пастера; профессор кафедры челюстно-лицевой хирургии и хирургической стоматологии, Санкт-Петербургский ГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>spbtestcenter@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-7651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afinogenov</surname><given-names>G. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афиногенов</surname><given-names>Г. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Professor of Surgical Dentistry Department, St. Petersburg State University</p>St. Petersburg</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры челюстно-лицевой хирургии и хирургической стоматологии.</p>Санкт-Петербург</bio><email>gennady-afinogenov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Spiridonova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спиридонова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD Student, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute.</p>St. Petersburg</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Аспирант.</p>Санкт-Петербург</bio><email>spbtestcenter@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-7238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolstoy</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толстой</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Chemistry), Senior Researcher, Professor of the Institute of Chemistry , St. Petersburg SU.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор химических наук, старший научный сотрудник, профессор Института химии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>v.tolstoy@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сантк-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>639</fpage><lpage>654</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-10-14"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Meleshko А.A., Afinogenova A.G., Afinogenov G.E., Spiridonova A.A., Tolstoy V.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Мелешко А.А., Афиногенова А.Г., Афиногенов Г.Е., Спиридонова А.А., Толстой В.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Meleshko А.A., Afinogenova A.G., Afinogenov G.E., Spiridonova A.A., Tolstoy V.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мелешко А.А., Афиногенова А.Г., Афиногенов Г.Е., Спиридонова А.А., Толстой В.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1512">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1512</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are promising antibacterial agents. They have a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of NPs reduces the possibility of the microbial resistance development. This review briefly shows the general mechanisms and the main factors of antibacterial activity of NPs. In this article, a comprehensive review of the recent researches in the field of new antimicrobial agents with superior long-term bactericidal activity and low toxicity is provided. The review gives the examples of synthesis of double and triple nanocomposites based on following oxides: CuO, ZnO, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Ag<sub>2</sub>O, MnO<sub>2</sub>, etc. including metal and nonmetal doped nanocomposites (for example with Ag, Ce, Cr, Mn, Nd, Co, Sn, Fe, N, F, etc.). Compared with bactericidal action of individual oxides, the nanocomposites demonstrate superior antibacterial activity and have synergistic effects. For example, the antimicrobial activity of ZnO against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was increased by -100% by formation of triple nanocomposites ZnO—MnO<sub>2</sub>—Cu<sub>2</sub>O or ZnO—Ag<sub>2</sub>O—Ag<sub>2</sub>S. Similar effect was showed for Ce-doped ZnO and Zn-doped CuO. The present article also provides the examples of nanocomposites containing NPs and organic (chitosan, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, biopolymers, etc.) or inorganic materials with special structure (graphene oxide, TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes, silica) which demonstrate controlled release and longterm antibacterial activity. All of the considered nanocomposites and their combinations have a pronounced long-term antimicrobial effect including against antibiotic-resistant strains. They are able to prevent the formation of microbial biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, have low toxicity to eukaryotic cells, demonstrate anti-inflammatory and woundhealing properties in compositions with polymers (sodium alginate, collagen, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.). The use of nanoscale systems can solve several important practical problems at the same time: saving of long-term antimicrobial activities while reducing the number of compounds, creation of new antimicrobial agents with low toxicity and reduced environmental impact, development of new biocidal materials, including new coatings for effective antimicrobial protection of medical devices.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Наночастицы металлов и оксидов металлов являются перспективными антибактериальными агентами. Они обладают широкой антимикробной активностью в отношении грамположительных и грамотрицательных бактерий, вирусов, грибков и простейших, а также позволяют избегать развития устойчивости микроорганизмов. В настоящем обзоре кратко отмечены механизмы действия таких наночастиц и основные факторы, влияющие на их антимикробную активность. Особое внимание уделяется современным исследованиям в области разработок нового поколения антимикробных агентов, обладающих усиленным и пролонгированным действием, а также низкой токсичностью. Рассмотрены примеры формирования двойных и тройных нанокомпозитов на основе оксидов: CuO, ZnO, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Ag<sub>2</sub>O, MnO<sub>2</sub> и ряда других, в том числе допированных различными металлами/неметаллами, например, Ag, Ce, Cr, Mn, Nd, Co, Sn, Fe, N, F и др. Результаты исследований многокомпонентных систем демонстрируют наличие у них более выраженной антибактериальной активности и синергетического эффекта по сравнению с активностью индивидуальных оксидов. Так, например, тройные нанокомпозиты ZnO—MnO<sub>2</sub>—Cu<sub>2</sub>O или ZnO—Ag<sub>2</sub>O—Ag<sub>2</sub>S показали увеличение зоны ингибирования роста тест-штаммов грамотрицательных и грамположительных микроорганизмов на 100% по сравнению с ZnO. Такой же удвоенный антибактериальный эффект наблюдали для наночастиц ZnO, допированного церием, или для CuO, допированного цинком. Отмечены работы по созданию нанокомпозитов на основе наночастиц металлов/оксидов металлов в сочетании с органическими (хитозан, целлюлоза, поливинилпирро-лидон, биополимеры и др.) или неорганическими материалами со специальной структурой (оксид графена, нанотрубки оксида титана, кремнезем) для достижения долгосрочного и контролируемого высвобождения антибактериальных агентов. Все рассмотренные нанокомпозиты и их сочетания обладают выраженным пролонгированным антимикробным действием, в том числе в отношении антибиотикорезистентных штаммов, способны предотвращать формирование микробных биопленок на биотических и абиотических поверхностях, обладают низкой токсичностью в отношении эукариотических клеток, в композициях с полимерами (альгинатом натрия, коллагеном, поливинилпирролидоном и др.) демонстрируют противовоспалительные и ранозаживляющие свойства. Использование наноразмерных систем может решить одновременно несколько важных практических задач, таких как сохранение высокой пролонгированной антимикробной активности при одновременном снижении количества используемых соединений, создание новых антимикробных препаратов с низкой токсичностью и уменьшенной экологической нагрузкой на окружающую среду, разработка новых биоцидных материалов, в том числе новых покрытий для эффективной антимикробной защиты изделий медицинского назначения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metal-based nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>nanocomposites</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial activity</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>microbial biofilms</kwd><kwd>long-term activity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы металлов</kwd><kwd>наночастицы оксидов металлов</kwd><kwd>нанокомпозиты</kwd><kwd>антимикробная активность</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>микробные биопленки</kwd><kwd>пролонгированное действие</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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