Russian Journal of Infection and ImmunityRussian Journal of Infection and ImmunityИнфекция и иммунитет2220-76192313-7398SPb RAACI1508010.15789/2220-7619-AUR-15080ORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleAn umbrella review on treatments and therapeutic options for COVID-19«Зонтичный» обзор средств и стратегий лечения при COVID-19SeyedAlinaghiSeyedAhmadСейедАлинагиСейедАхмад
Iran, Islamic Republic of

MD, MPhil, PhD, Clinical Epidemiologist, Associate Professor, Research Deputy

магистр философии, кандидат наук, клинический эпидемиолог, доцент, зам. руководителя по исследовательской деятельности

s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.comAfsahiAmir M.АфсахиАмир Масуд
United States

MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine

доктор философии, кафедра радиологии, медицинский факультет

amir.masoud.afsahi@gmail.comMollaAyoobМоллаАюб
Iran, Islamic Republic of

MD Student, School of Medicine

студент медицинского факультета

Ayoob.dpt87@gmail.comMirzapourPegahМирзапюрПега
Iran, Islamic Republic of

Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)

Иранского исследовательского центра по ВИЧ/СПИД, Иранский институт снижения рискованного поведения

pegah.mirzapour@yahoo.comShahidiRaminШахидиРамин
Iran, Islamic Republic of

MD, School of Medicine

врач, медицинский факультет

dr.raminshahidi1@gmail.comSiamiHalehСиамиХалех
Iran, Islamic Republic of

MD student, School of Medicine

студент медицинского факультета

Haleh.siami@gmail.comRadFarid F.РадФарид Фарахани
Iran, Islamic Republic of

MD student, School of Medicine

студент медицинского факультета

farid.f.rad@gmail.comAbbaspourFaezeАббаспюрФаэз
Iran, Islamic Republic of

School of Medicine

Медицинский факультет

absprfaeze@gmail.comMozafariNavidМозафариНавид
Iran, Islamic Republic of

School of Medicine

Медицинский факультет

navidmozaffari97@gmail.comFakhrediniKamalФахрединиКамаль
Iran, Islamic Republic of

PhD, MD student

студент

fakhredini1@gmail.comMehraeenEsmaeilМехраинИсмаил
Iran, Islamic Republic of

PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Information Technology

кандидат наук, ассистент кафедры медицинских информационных технологий

es.mehraeen@gmail.comDadrasOmidДадрасОмид
Norway

MD, Dr.PH, Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine

врач, Департамент глобального общественного здравоохранения и первичной медико-санитарной помощи

omiddadras@yahoo.comIranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical SciencesИранский исследовательский центр ВИЧ/СПИДа, Тегеранский университет медицинских наукUniversity of CaliforniaКалифорнийский университетBushehr University of Medical SciencesУниверситет медицинских наук БушераIslamic Azad UniversityИсламский университет АзадTehran University of Medical SciencesТегеранский университет медицинских наукBehavioral Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical SciencesЦентр исследования поведенческих заболеваний, Институт здравоохранения, Керманшахский университет медицинских наукKhalkhal University of Medical SciencesХалхалский университет медицинских наукUniversity of BergenУниверситет Бергена02102023301120231358858981507202322092023Copyright ©; 2023, SeyedAlinaghi S., Afsahi A.M., Molla A., Mirzapour P., Shahidi R., Siami H., Farahani Rad F., Abbaspour F., Mozafari N., Fakhredini K., Mehraeen E., Dadras O.Copyright ©; 2023, СейедАлинаги С., Афсахи А.М., Молла3 А., Мирзапур П., Шахиди Р., Сиами Х., Фарахани Рад Ф., Аббаспур Ф., Мозафари Н., Фахредини К., Мехраин И., Dadras O.2023SeyedAlinaghi S., Afsahi A.M., Molla A., Mirzapour P., Shahidi R., Siami H., Farahani Rad F., Abbaspour F., Mozafari N., Fakhredini K., Mehraeen E., Dadras O.СейедАлинаги С., Афсахи А.М., Молла3 А., Мирзапур П., Шахиди Р., Сиами Х., Фарахани Рад Ф., Аббаспур Ф., Мозафари Н., Фахредини К., Мехраин И., Dadras O.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/15080

Introduction. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a significant challenge to global health, effective therapeutic options for preventing and treating the disease have become increasingly important. We aimed to provide an update on current treatments and therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods. The purpose of this umbrella review is to explore the current treatments and therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients. Keywords and their combinations were searched across online databases in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus spanning from July 1, 2020, through March 3, 2023. Publications were selected for data extraction in two steps based on the study inclusion/exclusion criteria. The study adheres to the PRISMA checklist as well as NIH bias risk and quality assessment tool. Results. In this review, 28 relevant articles were selected for the final qualitative synthesis. The majority of included studies had reported on the efficacy of Lopinavir/Ritonavir (n = 4), Ivermectin (n = 3), Baricitinib (n = 2), Tocilizumab (n = 2), Remdesivir (n = 2), ACEI/ARB (n = 2), Vitamin D (n = 2), Molnupiravir (n = 2), Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (n = 2), Convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) (n = 2) and hydroxychloroquine (n = 2) in treating COVID-19. It appeared that Baricitinib, Remdesivir, ACEI/ARB, TCM, and CPT may have beneficial effects on reducing mortality, hospitalization duration, and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Other interventions, such as Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Ivermectin, Vitamin D, and Hydroxychloroquine did not show clear benefits or had inconclusive results. Conclusion. This umbrella review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for COVID-19. These results provide an updated overview of the current landscape for COVID-19 treatments, highlighting potential avenues for further research and clinical practice. It is crucial to continue monitoring emerging evidence and conducting rigorous studies to guide the development and optimization of therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.

Введение. Поскольку пандемия COVID-19 продолжает представлять собой серьезную проблему для глобального здравоохранения, все более важными становятся эффективные терапевтические варианты профилактики и лечения этого заболевания. Мы стремились предоставить обновленную информацию о современных средствах и методах лечения для пациентов с COVID-19. Материалы и методы. Целью данного обзора являлось изучение современных методов лечения и терапевтических возможностей для пациентов с COVID-19. Поиск ключевых слов и их комбинаций проводился в онлайн-базах данных Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science и Scopus с 1 июля 2020 г. по 3 марта 2023 г. Публикации для извлечения данных отбирались в два этапа на основе критериев включения/исключения. Исследование соответствует контрольному списку PRISMA, а также инструменту оценки риска и качества NIH. Результаты. Для окончательного качественного синтеза в настоящем обзоре было отобрано 28 соответствующих статей. В большинстве включенных исследований сообщалось об эффективности лопинавира/ритонавира (n = 4), ивермектина (n = 3), барицитиниба (n = 2), тоцилизумаба (n = 2), ремдесивира (n = 2), ИАПФ/БРА (n = 2), витамина D (n = 2), молнупиравир (n = 2), традиционной китайской медицины (TКM) (n = 2), переливания плазмы выздоравливающих (ППВ) (n = 2) и гидроксихлорохина (n = 2) при лечении COVID-19. Оказалось, что прием барицитиниба, ремдесивира, ИАПФ/БРА, ТКМ и ППВ способствуют снижению смертности, укороченнию сроков госпитализации и уменьшению тяжести заболевания у пациентов с COVID-19. Результат применения таких препаратов, как лопинавир/ритонавир, ивермектин, витамин D и гидроксихлорохин, был не столь убедителен. Заключение. Мы представили всесторонний обзор текущих данных об эффективности и безопасности различных фармакологических и нефармакологических средств терапии COVID-19 и выявили потенциальные направления дальнейших научных и клинических исследований и клинической практики. Крайне важно продолжать мониторинг новых данных и проводить тщательные исследования для разработки и оптимизации терапевтических стратегий в отношении COVID-19.

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2treatmentstherapymedicineumbrella reviewCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2лечениетерапиямедицина«зонтичный» обзорAlbuquerque A.M., Eckert I., Tramujas L., Butler-Laporte G., McDonald E.G., Brophy J.M., Lee T.C. Effect of tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib on mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 treated with corticosteroids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2023, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.07.008Amstutz A., Speich B., Mentré F., Rueegg C.S., Belhadi D., Assoumou L., Burdet C., Murthy S., Dodd L.E., Wang Y., Tikkinen K.A.O., Ader F., Hites M., Bouscambert M., Trabaud M.A., Fralick M., Lee T.C., Pinto R., Barratt-Due A., Lund-Johansen F., Müller F., Nevalainen O.P.O., Cao B., Bonnett T., Griessbach A., Taji Heravi A., Schönenberger C., Janiaud P., Werlen L., Aghlmandi S., Schandelmaier S., Yazdanpanah Y., Costagliola D., Olsen I.C., Briel M. Effects of remdesivir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med., 2023, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 453–464. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00528-8Ansems K., Grundeis F., Dahms K., Mikolajewska A., Thieme V., Piechotta V., Metzendorf M.I., Stegemann M., Benstoem C., Fichtner F. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2021, vol. 8, no. 8: CD014962. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014962Areri H., Marshall A., Harvey G. Factors influencing self-management of adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis., 2020, vol. 20, no. 1: 879. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05618-yCelotto S., Veronese N., Barbagallo M., Ometto F., Smith L., Pardhan S., Barnett Y., Ilie P.C., Soysal P., Lagolio E., Kurotschka P.K., Tonelli R., Demurtas J. An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses evaluating positive and negative outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine therapy. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2021, vol. 103, pp. 599–606. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.018Cheema H.A., Sohail A., Fatima A., Shahid A., Shahzil M., Ur Rehman M.E., Awan R.U., Chinnam S., Nashwan A.J. Quercetin for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Med. Virol., 2023, vol. 33, no. 2: e2427. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2427Chinta S., Rodriguez-Guerra M., Shaban M., Pandey N., Jaquez-Duran M., Vittorio T.J. COVID-19 therapy and vaccination: a clinical narrative review. Drugs Context, 2023, vol. 12: 2022-7-2. doi: 10.7573/dic.2022-7-2Dahms K., Mikolajewska A., Ansems K., Metzendorf M.I., Benstoem C., Stegemann M. Anakinra for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Med. Res., 2023, vol. 28, no. 1: 100. doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01072-zDeng J., Rayner D., Ramaraju H.B., Abbas U., Garcia C., Heybati K., Zhou F., Huang E., Park Y.J., Moskalyk M. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in COVID-19 management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2023, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 578–586. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.01.010Dhawan M., Priyanka, Parmar M., Angural S., Choudhary O.P. Convalescent plasma therapy against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants: delineation of the potentialities and risks. Int. J. Surg., 2022, vol. 97: 106204. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106204Feiner Solís Á., Avedillo Salas A., Luesma Bartolomé M.J., Santander Ballestín S. The effects of Vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, vol. 23, no. 20: 12424. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012424Giles G., Varghese S., Shymko G., Nguyen T., Waters F. Clozapine therapy and COVID-19: a systematic review of the prevalence rates, health outcomes, hematological markers, and patient perspectives. Schizophr Bull., 2023, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 53–67. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbac148Greene C., Wilson J., Griffin H., Tingle A., Cooper T., Semple M.G., Enoch D., Lee A., Loveday H. The role of pandemic planning in the management of COVID-19 in England from an infection prevention and control perspective: results of a national survey. Public Health., 2023, vol. 217, pp. 89–94. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.01.028Hayden M.K., Hanson K.E., Englund J.A., Lee F., Lee M.J., Loeb M., Morgan D.J., Patel R., El Alayli A., El Mikati I.K., Sultan S., Falck-Ytter Y., Mansour R., Amarin J.Z., Morgan R.L., Murad M.H., Patel P., Bhimraj A., Mustafa R.A. The Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the diagnosis of COVID-19: antigen testing. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2023: ciad032. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad032Huang N.X., Yuan Q., Fang F., Yan B.P., Sanderson J.E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical outcomes of ACEI/ARB in East-Asian patients with COVID-19. PLoS One, 2023, vol. 18, no. 1: e0280280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280280Kramer A., Prinz C., Fichtner F., Fischer A.L., Thieme V., Grundeis F., Spagl M., Seeber C., Piechotta V., Metzendorf M.I., Golinski M., Moerer O., Stephani C., Mikolajewska A., Kluge S., Stegemann M., Laudi S., Skoetz N. Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2022, vol. 6, no. 6: CD015209. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015209Kurniawati D.R., Subagjo A., Djuari L. Efficacy and safety of prophylactic-dose anticoagulation therapy with intermediate-therapeutic doses in COVID-19 patients. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2023, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 97–101, doi: 10.37506/ijfmt.v17i1.18902Li Y., Qin Y., Chen N., Ge L., Wang Q., Aboudou T., Han J., Hou L., Cao L., Li R., Li M., Mi N., Xie P., Wu S., Hu L., Li X., Song Z., Ji J., Zhang Z., Yang K. Use of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients: an evidence mapping study. Front. Pharmacol., 2023, vol. 14: 1069879. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1069879Liang W., Liang H., Ou L., Chen B., Chen A., Li C., Li Y., Guan W., Sang L., Lu J., Xu Y., Chen G., Guo H., Guo J., Chen Z., Zhao Y., Li S., Zhang N., Zhong N., He J. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern. Med., 2020, vol. 180, no. 8, pp. 1081–1089. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2033Liu Q., Fu W., Zhu C.J., Ding Z.H., Dong B.B., Sun B.Q., Chen R.C. Effect of continuing the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on mortality in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 2023, vol. 23, no. 1: 53. doi: 10.1186/s12879-023-07994-7Luo X., Zhang Y., Li H., Ren M., Liu Y., Liu Y., Zhang Y., Kuang Z., Cai Y., Chen Y., Ni X. Clinical evidence on the use of Chinese herbal medicine for acute infectious diseases: an overview of systematic reviews. Front. Pharmacol., 2022, vol. 13: 752978. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.752978Maideen N.M.P., Balasubramanian R., Manavalan G., Balasubramanian K., Subramanian N., Murugesan T., Solaimalai V.K. An insight of clinical evidence of ayurveda interventions in the management of COVID-19 patients. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets, 2022, vol. 22, no. 6: e210322202491. doi: 10.2174/1871526522666220321152504Mali K.R., Eerike M., Raj G.M., Bisoi D., Priyadarshini R., Ravi G., Chaliserry L.F., Janti S.S. Efficacy and safety of Molnupiravir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Ir. J. Med. Sci., 2023, vol. 192, no. 4, pp. 1665–1678. doi: 10.1007/s11845-022-03139-yMehraeen E., Najafi Z., Hayati B., Javaherian M., Rahimi S., Dadras O., SeyedAlinaghi S., Ghadimi M., Sabatier J.M. Current treatments and therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets, 2022, vol. 22, no. 1: e260721194968. doi: 10.2174/1871526521666210726150435Mehraeen E., Oliaei S., SeyedAlinaghi S., Karimi A., Mirzapour P., Afsahi A.M., Barzegary A., Vahedi F., Soleymanzadeh M., Behnezhad F., Javaherian M., Zargari G., Mirghaderi S.P., Noori T., Sabatier J.M. COVID-19 in pediatrics: a systematic review of current knowledge and practice. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets, 2022, vol. 22, no. 5: e290921196908. doi: 10.2174/1871526521666210929121705Migliorini F., Vaishya R., Eschweiler J., Oliva F., Hildebrand F., Maffulli N. Vitamins C and D and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and progression: an evidence based systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas), 2022, vol. 58, no. 7: 941. doi: 10.3390/medicina58070941Mohseni M., Ameri H., Arab-Zozani M. Potential limitations in systematic review studies assessing the effect of the main intervention for treatment/therapy of COVID-19 patients: an overview. Front. Med. (Lausanne), 2022, vol. 9: 966632. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.966632Morishita M., Hojo M. Treatment options for patients with severe COVID-19. Glob. Health Med., 2023, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 99–105. doi: 10.35772/ghm.2023.01024Mousavi S., Zare S., Mirzaei M., Feizi A. Novel drug design for treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol., 2022, vol. 2022: 2044282. doi: 10.1155/2022/2044282Niranjan A.K., Patel S.K., Channabasappa N.K., Rana J., Agrawal A., Kumar R., Pandey M.K., Tiwari S.P., Singh D.R. Resurgence of cholera in the COVID-19 era: a global health concern. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.), 2023, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 1321–1322. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000415Pahari K.P., Vyas S., Aman S., Singh U., Singh P.K., Tiwari R., Dhanawat M., Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel Coronavirus in India: a review. Coronaviruses, 2022, vol. 3, no. 2: e041220188720. doi: 10.2174/2666796701999201204115545Pantsari T., Ali M.M., Ghouri M.H., Alharbi A.M., Alfahemi H. Role of antiviral drugs in management of mild and moderate Coronavirus disease-19: a systematic review. Adv. Life Sci. 2022, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 270–276Paraskevas T., Kantanis A., Karalis I., Michailides C., Karamouzos V., Koniari I., Pierrakos C., Velissaris D. N-acetylcysteine efficacy in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rom. J. Intern. Med., 2023, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 41–52. doi: 10.2478/rjim-2023-0001Pashaei Z., SeyedAlinaghi S., Qaderi K., Barzegary A., Karimi A., Mirghaderi S.P., Mirzapour P., Tantuoyir M.M., Dadras O., Ali Z., Voltarelli F., Mehraeen E. Prenatal and neonatal complications of COVID-19: a systematic review. Health Sci. Rep., 2022, vol. 5, no. 2: e510. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.510Patel T.K., Patel P.B., Barvaliya M., Saurabh M.K., Bhalla H.L., Khosla P.P. Efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Infect. Public Health, 2021, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 740–748. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.015Popp M., Reis S., Schießer S., Hausinger R.I., Stegemann M., Metzendorf M.I., Kranke P., Meybohm P., Skoetz N., Weibel S. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2022, vol. 6, no. 6: 015017. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet, 2020, vol. 396, no. 10259, pp. 1345–1352. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4Reis S., Metzendorf M.I., Kuehn R., Popp M., Gagyor I., Kranke P., Meybohm P., Skoetz N., Weibel S. Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2022, vol. 9, no. 9: 015395. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub2Sanghavi D., Bansal P., Kaur I.P., Mughal M.S., Keshavamurthy C., Cusick A., Schram J., Yarrarapu S.N.S., Giri A.R., Kaur N., Moreno Franco P., Abril A., Aslam F. Impact of colchicine on mortality and morbidity in COVID-19: a systematic review. Ann. Med., 2022, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 775–789. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1993327SeyedAlinaghi S., Karimi A., Barzegary A., Mojdeganlou H., Vahedi F., Mirghaderi S.P., Shobeiri P., Ramezani M., Yousefi Konjdar P., Mirzapour P., Tantuoyir M.M., Mehraeen E., Dadras O., Voltarelli F. COVID-19 mortality in patients with immunodeficiency and its predictors: a systematic review. Eur. J. Med. Res., 2022, vol. 27, no. 1: 195. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00824-7Shang W., Zhang B., Ren Y., Wang W., Zhou D., Li Y. Thymosin alpha1 use in adult COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2023, vol. 114: 109584. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109584Shibeeb S., Ajaj I., Al-Jighefee H., Abdallah A.M. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19 patients with hematological malignancies: a systematic review. Hematol. Rep., 2022, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 377–388. doi: 10.3390/hematolrep14040052Singh A.K., Singh A., Singh R., Misra A. An updated practical guideline on use of molnupiravir and comparison with agents having emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2022, vol. 16, no. 2: 102396. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102396Singh A.K., Singh A., Singh R., Misra A. Molnupiravir in COVID-19: a systematic review of literature. Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2021, vol. 15, no. 6: 102329. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102329Van De Laar C.J., Oude Voshaar M.A.H., Fakhouri W.K.H., Zaremba-Pechmann L., De Leonardis F., De La Torre I., Van De Laar M.A.F.J. Cost-effectiveness of a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor vs a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) in a treat-to-target strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res., 2020, vol. 12, pp. 213–222. doi: 10.2147/CEOR.S231558Wei Q., Lin H., Wei R.G., Chen N., He F., Zou D.H., Wei J.R. Tocilizumab treatment for COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect. Dis. Poverty, 2021, vol. 10. no. 1: 71. doi: 10.1186/s40249-021-00857-wYang S., Shen S., Hou N. Is Ivermectin effective in treating COVID-19? Front. Pharmacol., 2022, vol. 13: 858693. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.858693