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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1473</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CEC-1473</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">COVID-19: etiology, clinical picture, treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>COVID-19: этиология, клиника, лечение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-7623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkanov</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелканов</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Shchelkanov Mikhail Yu</bold>., PhD, MD (Biology), Associate Professor, Head of the International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor in the Far Eastern Federal University; Head of the Laboratory of Virology, Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Expert of the “Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory”</p><p><italic>690091, Vladivostok, Utkinskaya str., 36</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Щелканов Михаил Юрьевич </bold>, доктор биологических наук, доцент, руководитель Международного научно-образовательного Центра биологической безопасности Роспотребнадзора в Дальневосточном федеральном университете; заведующий лабораторией вирусологии Федерального научного Центра биоразнообразия наземной биоты Восточной Азии, эксперт ФБУЗ Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Приморском крае</p><p><italic>690091, г. Владивосток, ул. Уткинская, 36</italic></p><p>SPIN-код: 5736-7230</p><p> </p></bio><email>adorob@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolobukhina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колобухина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Infections with Tested Drugs</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией респираторных вирусных инфекций с апробацией лекарственных средств</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>lkolobuchina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burgasova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бургасова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases with Courses in Epidemiology and Phthisiology</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры инфекционных болезней с курсами эпидемиологии и фтизиатрии</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>olgaburgasova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruzhkova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кружкова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Infections with Tested Drugs</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник лаборатории респираторных вирусных инфекций с апробацией лекарственных средств</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>irina-kru@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, RAS Full Member, Advisor of the Director for Research</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, советник директора по научной работе</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>maleyev@pcr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международный научно-образовательный центр биологической безопасности Роспотребнадзора в Дальневосточном федеральном университете</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научный центр биоразнообразия наземной биоты Восточной Азии ДВО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУЗ Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Приморском крае</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the N.F. Gamaleya National Scientific Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Public Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского ФГБУ «НИЦЭМ им. Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-08-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>421</fpage><lpage>445</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Shchelkanov M.Y., Kolobukhina L.V., Burgasova O.A., Kruzhkova I.S., Maleev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Щелканов М.Ю., Колобухина Л.В., Бургасова О.А., Кружкова И.С., Малеев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkanov M.Y., Kolobukhina L.V., Burgasova O.A., Kruzhkova I.S., Maleev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелканов М.Ю., Колобухина Л.В., Бургасова О.А., Кружкова И.С., Малеев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1473">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1473</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Whereas the XX century marked the history of acute respiratory disease investigation as a period for generating in-depth system of combating influenza viruses (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae, Alpha-/Betainfluenzavirus) (based on environmental and virological monitoring of influenza A virus in its natural reservoir — aquatic and semi-aquatic birds — to supervising epidemic influenza), a similar system is necessary to build up in the XXI century with regard to especially dangerous betacoronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (subgenus Sarbecovirus), Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) (Sarbecovirus), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Merbecovirus). This became particularly evident after pandemic potential has been revealed in 2020 by the SARS-CoV-2. This review provides an insight into the historic timeline of discovering this virus, its current taxonomy, ecology, virion morphology, life cycle, molecular biology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of the etiologically related COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) as well as data available in the scientific literature on the anti-SARS-CoV-2-effectiveness of passive immunotherapy and most debated drugs used to treat COVID-19: Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Ivermectin, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, Camostat mesilate, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Tocilizumab, Anakinra, corticosteroids, and type I interferons. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection implicates decreased efficacy of artificial respiration, which, in this case might be replaced by more efficient extracorporeal membrane blood oxygenation supplemented with nitrogen oxide and/or Heliox inhalations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Если XX век вошел в историю изучения острых респираторных заболеваний как период формирования глубокоэшелонированной системы борьбы с вирусами гриппа (Articulavirales: Orthomyxoviridae, Alpha-/Betainfluenzavirus) (от эколого-вирусологического мониторинга вируса гриппа А в его природном резервуаре — птицах водно-околоводного комплекса — до постоянного надзора за эпидемическим гриппом), то в XXI веке необходимо создавать аналогичную систему в отношение особо опасных бетакоронавирусов (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus): тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (SARS-CoV — Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) (подрод Sarbecovirus), тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2-го типа (SARS-CoV-2 — Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) (Sarbecovirus), Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS-CoV — Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) (Merbecovirus). Это стало особенно очевидно после того, как в 2020 г. SARS-CoV-2 проявил свой пандемический потенциал. В обзоре излагается история открытия этого вируса, его современное таксономическое положение, экология, морфология вириона, жизненный цикл, молекулярная биология, патогенез и клиническая картина этиологически связанного с ним COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019 — коронавирусное заболевание 2019 г.), а также приводятся имеющиеся в научной литературе данные об анти-SARS-CoV-2-эффективности пассивной иммунотерапии и наиболее обсуждаемых на сегодняшний день препаратов, используемых для лечения COVID-19: Хлорохина, Гидроксихлорохина, Нитазоксанида, Ивермектина, Лопинавира и Ритонавира, Камостат-мезилата, Ремдесивира, Рибавирина, Тоцилизумаба, Анакинры, кортикостероидов, интерферонов I. Патогенез SARS-CoV-2-инфекции предполагает снижение эффективности искусственной вентиляции легких — в этом случае более эффективна экстракорпоральная мембранная оксигенация крови, дополненная ингаляциями оксида азота и/или Гелиокса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>Nidovirales</kwd><kwd>Coronaviridae</kwd><kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd><kwd>Sarbecovirus</kwd><kwd>clinical features</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>Nidovirales</kwd><kwd>Coronaviridae</kwd><kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd><kwd>Sarbecovirus</kwd><kwd>клиническая картина</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">РФФИ</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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