<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1449</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-CAN-1449</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and neuro-specific proteins in viral encephalitis and convulsive syndrome in children. II. Convulsive syndrome</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и нейроспецифические белки при вирусных энцефалитах и судорожном синдроме у детей. II. Судорожный синдром</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Head and Leading Researcher of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases under the Federal Medical Biological Agency (PRCCID).</p><p>197002, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popova str., 9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, руководитель и ведущий научный сотрудник отдела клинической лабораторной диагностики Детского научно-клинического центра инфекционных болезней (ДНК ЦИБ) ФМБА России.</p><p>197002, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 9.</p></bio><email>kldidi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheleznikova</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Железникова</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina F. Zheleznikova - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Senior Researcher, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, PRCCID.</p><p>197002, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popova str., 9.</p><p>Phone: +7 905 267-41-32 (mobile)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Железникова Галина Федоровна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, старший научный сотрудник отдела клинической лабораторной диагностики ДНК ЦИБ ФМБА России.</p><p>197002, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 9.</p><p>Тел.: 8 905 267-41-32 (моб.)</p></bio><email>zheleznikova.galina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-1717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorelik</surname><given-names>E. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горелик</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Researcher, Department of Neuroinfection and Organic Pathology of the Nervous System, PRCCID.</p><p>197002, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popova str., 9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник отдела нейроинфекций и органической патологии нервной системы ДНК ЦИБ ФМБА России.</p><p>197002, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 9.</p></bio><email>e.gorelik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sckripchenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скрипченко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Deputy Director of Science, PRCCID; Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases of Postgraduate and Continuing Professional Education, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>197002, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popova str., 9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, заместитель директора по научной работе ДНК ЦИБ ФМБА России; заведующий кафедрой инфекционных болезней ФП и ДПО Государственного педиатрического медицинского университета Минздрава России.</p><p>197002, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 9.</p></bio><email>snv@niidi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-2175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirkov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жирков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, PRCCID.</p><p>197002, St. Petersburg, Prof. Popova str., 9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник отдела клинической лабораторной диагностики ДНК ЦИБ ФМБА России.</p><p>197002, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Проф. Попова, 9.</p></bio><email>ant-zhirkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детский научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней ФМБА</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>433</fpage><lpage>446</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-08"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-07-13"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Alekseeva L.A., Zheleznikova G.F., Gorelik E.Y., Sckripchenko N.V., Zhirkov A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Алексеева Л.А., Железникова Г.Ф., Горелик Е.Ю., Скрипченко Н.В., Жирков А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekseeva L.A., Zheleznikova G.F., Gorelik E.Y., Sckripchenko N.V., Zhirkov A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Л.А., Железникова Г.Ф., Горелик Е.Ю., Скрипченко Н.В., Жирков А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1449">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1449</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this Section we provide new data on the pathogenetic factors in pediatric convulsive syndrome, including a prominent role of viral infection in developing seizures and epilepsy (EPL) in children, as evidenced by clinical and experimental studies. Various forms of convulsive syndrome associated with viral infection include febrile convulsions and febrile epileptic status, encephalitis-related acute symptomatic seizures, and postencephalitic epilepsy. The human herpesvirus-6 isolated in temporal lobe epilepsy is a frequent causative agent of febrile seizures and febrile epileptic status. Febrile seizures and, especially, febrile epileptic status are associated with further developing epilepsy. Of special note is the febrile infection-related epileptic syndrome (FIRES) more often affecting school-aged children and characterized by extremely severe course and unfavorable outcome. Convulsive syndrome is associated with systemic inflammation and overproduced pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier and functional activity of brain-resident cells, which are involved in eliciting seizures and maintaining epileptogenesis. Taking into consideration the key role of inflammation underlying convulsive syndrome, in recent decades cytokines and chemokines have been widely studied as possible prognostic criteria for epileptogenesis. Neuron-specific proteins are examined as markers of brain cell damage in various inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. The first Section of the review presented current understanding on systemic and local cytokine/chemokine response in viral encephalitis. Here we present clinical trials published within the last 5—7 years assessing cytokines/chemokines and neuron-specific proteins in children with various forms of convulsive syndrome, including epilepsy. Association between biomarker level and disease clinical parameters as well as potential for their use to diagnose and predict its further course are discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Во второй части обзора приведены новые сведения о факторах патогенеза судорожного синдрома у детей, в том числе о значительной роли вирусной инфекции в развитии судорог и эпилепсии (ЭПЛ) у детей, о чем свидетельствуют данные клинических и экспериментальных исследований. Различные формы судорожного синдрома, ассоциированного с вирусной инфекцией, включают фебрильные судороги и фебрильный эпилептический статус, острые симптоматические судороги при энцефалитах и постэнцефалитическую эпилепсию. Причинным фактором фебрильных судорог и фебрильного эпилептического статуса чаще всего является герпесвирус человека 6 типа, который выделен и при височной эпилепсии. Фебрильные судороги, и особенно фебрильный эпилептический статус, ассоциированы с развитием в дальнейшем эпилепсии. Особого внимания заслуживает эпилептический синдром, связанный с фебрильными инфекциями (FIRES), поражающий чаще детей школьного возраста и отличающийся крайне тяжелым течением и неблагоприятным исходом. Судорожный синдром ассоциирован с системным воспалением и гиперпродукцией провоспалительных цитокинов, повышающих проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера и функциональную активность резидентных клеток мозга, которые участвуют в генерации судорог и поддерживают эпилептогенез. С учетом ведущей роли воспаления в генезе судорожного синдрома цитокины и хемокины в последние десятилетия широко изучаются в качестве возможных прогностических критериев эпилептогенеза. Нейроспецифические белки исследуются как маркеры поражения клеток мозга при разных воспалительных заболеваниях центральной нервной системы. В первой части обзора были изложены современные сведения о системном и локальном ответе цитокинов/хемокинов при вирусных энцефалитах. Здесь представлены клинические исследования в основном за последние 5—7 лет с определением цитокинов/хемокинов и нейроспецифических белков у детей с разными формами судорожного синдрома, в том числе эпилепсией. Обсуждаются ассоциации уровня биомаркеров с клиническими параметрами болезни и возможность их использования в диагностике и прогнозе ее дальнейшего течения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>chemokines</kwd><kwd>neurospecific proteins</kwd><kwd>febrile convulsions</kwd><kwd>epileptic status</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>neonatal convulsions</kwd><kwd>FIRES</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>хемокины</kwd><kwd>нейроспецифические белки</kwd><kwd>фебрильные судороги</kwd><kwd>эпилептический статус</kwd><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>неонатальные судороги</kwd><kwd>FIRES</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Алексеева Л.А., Железникова Г.Ф., Горелик Е.Ю., Скрипченко Н.В., Жирков А.А. Цитокины и нейроспецифические белки при вирусных энцефалитах и судорожном синдроме у детей. I. Вирусные энцефалиты // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2020. Т. 10, № 4. С. 625—638. doi: 10.15789/22207619CAN1448</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Вашура Л.В., Савенкова М.С., Савенков М.П., Калугина М.Ю., Каражас Н.В., Рыбалкина Т.Н., Самсонович И.Р. Значение вируса герпеса 6-го типа в генезе судорожного синдрома у детей // Детские инфекции. 2014. Т. 13, № 4. С. 18-23. doi: 10.22627/2072-8107-2014-13-4-18-23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Горелик Е.Ю., Войтенков В.Б., Скрипченко Н.В., Вильниц А.А., Иванова М.В., Климкин А.В. Острые нейроинфекции и симптоматическая эпилепсия у детей: причинно-следственные связи (обзор литературы) // Журнал инфектологии. 2017. Т. 9, № 3. С. 5-13. doi: 10.22625/2072-6732-2017-9-3-5-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4.	Горяйнов С.А., Процкий С.В., Охотин В.Е., Павлова Г.В., Ревищин А.В., Потапов А.А. О роли астроглии в головном мозге в норме и патологии // Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2013. Т. 7, № 1. С. 45-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.	Заваденко А.Н., Дегтярева М.Г., Заваденко Н.Н., Медведев М.И. Неонатальные судороги: особенности клинической диагностики // Детская больница. 2013. № 4. C. 41-48.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6.	Мухин К.Ю. Фокальные кортикальные дисплазии: клинико-электро-нейровизуализационные характеристики // Русский журнал детской неврологии. 2016. Т. 11, № 2. C. 8—24. doi: 10.17650/2073-8803-2016-11-2-8-24</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7.	Симонова Е.В., Харламова Ф.С., Учайкин В.Ф., Дроздова И.М., Семенова Л.П., Анджель А.Е. Лимбический энцефалит герпесвирусной этиологии // Детские инфекции. 2014. Т. 13, № 4. С. 6—13. doi: 10.22627/2072-8107-2014-13-4-6-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8.	Скрипченко Н.В., Кривошеенко Е.М., Команцев В.Н., Горелик Е.Ю., Минченко С.И. Гетерогенность судорожного синдрома при инфекционных заболеваниях у детей. Нейроинфекции у детей. СПб: Тактик-Студио, 2015. С. 691—707.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9.	Alapirtti T., Lehtimaki K., Nieminen R., Makinen R., Raitanen J., Moilanen E., Makinen J., Peltola J. The production of IL-6 in acute epileptic seizure: a video-EEG study. J Neuroimmunol., 2018, vol. 316, pp. 50-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10.	Bartolini L., Libbey J., Ravizza T., Fujinami R., Jacobson S., Gaillard W. Viral triggers and inflammatory mechanisms in pediatric epilepsy. Mol. Neurobiol., 2019, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1897-1907. doi: 10.1007/s12035-018-1215-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.	Bartolini L., Piras E., Sullivan K., Gillen S., Bumbut A., Lin C., Leibovitch E., Graves J., Waubant E., Chamberlain J., Gaillard W., Jacobson S. Detection of HHV-6 and EBV and cytokine levels in saliva from children with seizures: results of a multi-center crosssectional study. Front. Neurol., 2018, vol. 9: 834. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00834</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12.	Bedner P., Dupper A., Huttmann K., Muller J., Herde M., Dublin P., Deshpande T., Schramm J., Haussler U., Haas C., Henneberger C., Theis M., Steinhauser C. Astrocyte uncoupling as a cause of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2015, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 1208-1222. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv067</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13.	Bhalala U., Koehler R., Kannan S. Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation after acute hypoxic-ischemic injury of developing brain. Front. Pediatr., 2015, vol. 2, pp. 144. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14.	Caraballo R., Reyes G., Avaria M., Buompadre M., Gonzalez M., Fortini S., Cersosimo R. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: a study of 12 patients. Seizure, 2013, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 553-559. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.04.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.	Chen Q., Li M., Zhang X., Zhang X., Zhong R., Lin W. Association between interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and febrile seizure risk: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, vol. 98, no. 39: e17167. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017167</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16.	Choi J., Choi S., Kim S., Kim H., Lim B., Hwang H., Chae J., Kim K., Oh S., Kim E., Shin J. Association analysis of interleukin-1в, interleukin-6, and HMGB1 variants with postictal serum cytokine levels in children with febrile seizure and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus. J. Clin. Neurol., 2019, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 555-563. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.555</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17.	Choi J., Min H., Shin J. Increased levels of HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines in children with febrile seizures. J. Neuroinflammation, 2011, vol. 8: 135. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-135</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18.	Choy M., Dube C., Ehrengruber M., Baram T. Inflammatory processes, febrile seizures, and subsequent epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Curr., 2014, vol. 14, no 1, pp. 15-22. doi: 10.5698/1535-7511-14.s2.15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.	De Vries E., van den Munckhof B., Braun K., van Royen-Kerkhof A., de Jager W., Jansen F. Inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2016, vol. 63, pp. 177-190. doi: 10.1016/j.neubio-rev.2016.02.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20.	DeSena A., Do T., Schulert G. Systemic autoinflammation with intractable epilepsy managed with interleukin-1 blockade. J. Neuroinflammation, 2018, vol. 15, no. 1: 38. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1063-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21.	Gallentine W., Shinnar S., Hesdorffer D., Epstein L., Nordli D., Lewis D., Frank L., Seinfeld S., Shinnar R., Cornett K., Liu B., Moshe S., Sun S. Plasma cytokines associated with febrile status epilepticus in children: a potential biomarker for acute hippocampal injury. Epilepsia, 2017, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1102-1111. doi: 10.1111/epi.13750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22.	Gunawan P., Saharso D., Sari D. Correlation of serum S100B levels with brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in children with status epilepticus. Korean J. Pediatr., 2019, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 281-285. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2018.07017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23.	Ha J., Choi J., Kwon A., Kim K., Kim S., Bae S., Son J., Kim S., Kwak B., Lee R. Interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in children with febrile seizures. Seizure, 2018, vol. 58, pp. 156-162. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24.	Haque A., Polcyn R., Matzelle D., Banik N. New insights into the role of neuron-specific enolase in neuro-inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroprotection. Brain Sci., 2018, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 33. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8020033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25.	He J., Li S., Shu H., Yu S., Liu S., Yin Q., Yang H. The interleukin 17 system in cortical lesions in focal cortical dysplasias. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2013, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 152-163. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318281262e</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26.	He J., Wu K., Li S., Shu H., Zhang C., Liu S., Yang M., Yin Q., Yang H. Expression of the interleukin 17 in cortical tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex. J. Neuroimmunol., 2013, vol. 262, no. 1-2, pp. 85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.05.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27.	Hu M., Huang G., Wu C., Lin J., Hsia S., Wang H., Lin K. Analysis of plasma multiplex cytokines for children with febrile seizures and severe acute encephalitis. J. Child. Neurol., 2014, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 182-186. doi: 10.1177/0883073813488829</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28.	Ichiyama T., Suenaga N., Kajimoto M., Tohyama J., Isumi H., Kubota M., Mori M., Furukawa S. Serum and CSF levels of cytokines in acute encephalopathy following prolonged febrile seizures . Brain Dev., 2008, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 47-52. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.05.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29.	Ishikawa N., Kobayashi Y., Fujii Y., Kobayashi M. Increased interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in pediatric epilepsy patients with frequent, refractory generalized motor seizures. Seizure, 2015, vol. 25, pp. 136-140. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.10.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30.	Kacinski M., Budziszewska B., Lason W., Zaj^c A., Skowronek-Bala B., Leskiewicz M., Kubik A., Basta-Kaim A. Level of S100B protein, neuron specific enolase, orexin A, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor in serum of pediatric patients suffering from sleep disorders with or without epilepsy. Pharmacol. Rep., 2012, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1427-1433. doi: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70940-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31.	Kenney-Jung D., Vezzani A., Kahoud R., LaFrance-Corey R., Ho M., Muskardin T., Wirrell E., Howe C., Payne E. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome treated with anakinra. Ann. Neurol., 2016, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 939-945. doi: 10.1002/ana.24806</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32.	Kim K., Kwak B., Kwon A., Ha J., Kim S., Bae S., Son J., Kim S., Lee R. Analysis of plasma multiplex cytokines and increased level of IL-10 and IL-1Ra cytokines in febrile seizures. J. Neuroinflammation, 2017, vol. 14, no. 1: 200. doi: 10.1186/s12974-017-0974-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33.	Kimizu T., Takahashi Y., Oboshi T., Horino A., Omatsu H., Koike T., Yoshitomi S., Yamaguchi T., Otani H., Ikeda H., Imai K., Shigematsu H., Inoue Y. Chronic dysfunction of blood-brain barrier in patients with post-encephalitic/encephalopathic epilepsy. Seizure, 2018, vol. 63, pp. 85—90. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.11.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34.	Kobylarek D., Iwanowski P., Lewandowska Z., Limphaibool N., Szafranek S., Labrzycka A., Kozubski W. Advances in the potential biomarkers of epilepsy. Front. Neurol., 2019, vol. 10: 685. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00685</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35.	Koh S. Role of neuroinflammation in evolution of childhood epilepsy. J. Child. Neurol., 2018, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 64—72. doi: 10.1177/0883073817739528</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36.	Kothur K., Bandodkar S., Wienholt L., Chu S., Pope A., Gill D., Dale R. Etiology is the key determinant of neuroinflammation in epilepsy: elevation of cerebrospinal fluid cytokines and chemokines in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome and febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2019, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1678—1688. doi: 10.1111/epi.16275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37.	Kramer U., Chi C., Lin K., Specchio N., Sahin M., Olson H., Nabbout R., Kluger G., Lin J., van Baalen A. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome: a multicenter study on 77 children. Epilepsia, 2011, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1956-1965. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03250.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38.	Kumar P., Chan D., Lim A., Paleja B., Ling S., Yun L., Poh S., Ngoh A., Arkachaisri T., Yeo J., Albani S. Pro-inflammatory, IL-17 pathways dominate the architecture of the immunome in pediatric refractory epilepsy. JCI Insight, 2019, vol. 4, no. 8: e126337. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.126337</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39.	Kwon A., Kwak B., Kim K., Ha J., Kim S., Bae S., Son J., Kim S., Lee R. Cytokine levels in febrile seizure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure, 2018, vol. 59, pp. 5-10. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40.	Mao L., Ding J., Peng W., Ma Y., Zhang Y., Fan W., Wang X. Interictal interleukin-17A levels are elevated and correlate with seizure severity of epilepsy patients. Epilepsia, 2013, vol. 54, no. 9: e142-5. doi: 10.1111/epi.12337</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41.	Mikkonen K., Pekkala N., Pokka T., Romner B., Uhari M., Rantala H. S100B proteins in febrile seizures. Seizure, 2012, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 144-146. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.10.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42.	Numis A., Foster-Barber A., Deng X., Rogers E., Barkovich A., Ferriero D., Glass H. Early changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in neonates with encephalopathy are associated with remote epilepsy. Pediatr. Res., 2019, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 616-621. doi: 10.1038/s41390-019-0473-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43.	Patterson K., Baram T., Shinnar S. Origins of temporal lobe epilepsy: febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus. Neurotherapeutics, 2014, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 242-250. doi: 10.1007/s13311-014-0263-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44.	Pillai S., Mohammad S., Hacohen Y., Tantsis E., Prelog K., Barnes E., Gill D., Lim M., Brilot F., Vincent A., Dale R. Postencephalitic epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy after infectious and antibody-associated encephalitis in childhood: clinical and etiologic risk factors. Epilepsia, 2016, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. e7-e11. doi: 10.1111/epi.13253</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45.	Pisani F., Piccolo B., Cantalupo G., Copioli C., Fusco C., Pelosi A., Tassinari C., Seri S. Neonatal seizures and postneonatal epilepsy: a 7-y follow-up study. Pediatr. Res., 2012, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 186-193. doi: 10.1038/pr.2012.66</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46.	Saghazadeh A., Mastrangelo M., Rezaei N. Genetic background of febrile seizures. Rev. Neurosci., 2014, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 129161. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47.	Sakuma H., Tanuma N., Kuki I., Takahashi Y., Shiomi M., Hayashi M. Intrathecal overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in febrile infection-related refractory status epilepticus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2015, vol. 86, no. 7, pp. 820-822. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309388</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48.	Serino D., Santarone M., Caputo D., Fusco L. Febrile infection-relate epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): prevalence, impact and management strategies. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 2019, vol. 15, pp. 1897-1903. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S177803</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49.	Shi L., Chen R., Zhang H., Jiang C., Gong J. Cerebrospinal fluid neuron specific enolase, interleukin-1 в and erythropoietin concentrations in children after seizures. Child's Nerv. Syst., 2017, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 805-811. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3359-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50.	Shiihara T., Miyake T., Izumi S., Sugihara S., Watanabe M., Takanashi J., Kubota M., Kato M. Serum and CSF biomarkers in acute pediatric neurological disorders. Brain Dev., 2014, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 489-495. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>51.	Uludag I., Bilgin S., Zorlu Y., Tuna G., Kirkali G. Interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels in epileptic seizures. Seizure, 2013, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 457-461. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.03.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>52.	Van Baalen A., Vezzani A., Hausler M., Kluger G. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome: clinical review and hypotheses of epileptogenesis. Neuropediatrics, 2017, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 5-18. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1597271</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>53.	Vargas-Sanchez K., Mogilevskaya M., Rodrlguez-Perez J., Rubiano M., Javela J., Gonzalez-Reyes R. Astroglial role in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus: an overview. Oncotarget, 2018, vol. 9, no. 42, pp. 26954-26976. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25485</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>54.	Vezzani A., Aronica E., Mazarati A., Pittman Q. Epilepsy and brain inflammation. Exp. Neurol., 2013, vol. 244, pp. 11-21. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>55.	Vezzani A., Viviani B. Neuromodulatory properties of inflammatory cytokines and their impact on neuronal excitability. Neuropharmacology, 2015, vol. 96, pp. 70-82. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>56.	Vitaliti G., Pavone P., Marino S., Saporito M., Corsello G., Falsaperla R. Molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 2019, vol. 12, pp. 118. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00118</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>57.	Walker L., Janigro D., Heinemann U., Riikonen R., Bernard C., Patel M. WONOEP appraisal: molecular and cellular biomarkers for epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2016, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1354-1362. doi: 10.1111/epi.13460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>58.	Wilcox K., Vezzani A. Does brain inflammation mediate pathological outcomes in epilepsy? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2014, vol. 813, pp. 169-183. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8914-1_14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>59.	Wipfler P., Dunn N., Beiki O., Trinka E., Fogdell-Hahn A. The viral hypothesis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy — is human herpes virus-6 the missing link? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure, 2018, vol. 54, pp. 33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.11.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>60.	Xanthos D., Sandkuhler J. Neurogenic neuroinflammation: inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2014, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 43-53. doi: 10.1038/nrn3617</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>61.	Xu D., Robinson A., Ishii T., Duncan D., Alden T., Goings G., Ifergan I., Podojil J., Penaloza-MacMaster P., Kearney J., Swanson G., Miller S., Koh S. Peripherally derived T regulatory and y§ T cells have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of intractable pediatric epilepsy. J. Exp. Med., 2018, vol. 215, no. 4, pp. 1169-1186. doi: 10.1084/jem.20171285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>62.	Youn Y., Kim S., Sung I., Chung S., Kim Y., Lee I. Serial examination of serum IL-8, IL-10 and IL-1Ra levels is significant in neonatal seizures induced by hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Scand. J. Immunol., 2012, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 286-293. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02710.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>63.	Zhu M., Chen J., Guo H., Ding L., Zhang Y., Xu Y. High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and interleukin-1e as prognostic biomarkers of epilepsy in children. J. Child Neurol., 2018, vol. 33, no. 14, pp. 909-917. doi: 10.1177/0883073818801654</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
