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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1383</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-IOD-1383</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SHORT COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Investigation of Drug-resistance substitutions in HIV-1 RT Protein in Iranian HIV Infected Patients</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЗАМЕН, РЕЗИСТЕНТНЫХ К ЛЕКАРСТВАМ, В ОБРАТНОЙ ТРАНСКРИПТАЗЕ ОТ ИРАНСКИХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ВИЧ-1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dehghani</surname><given-names>Behzad non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дехгани</surname><given-names>Бехзад нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>dehghanibehzad@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hashempour</surname><given-names>Tayebeh Non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хашемпур</surname><given-names>Тайебе Нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>thashem@iran.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mousavi</surname><given-names>Zahra non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусави</surname><given-names>Захра нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>Behzad1@iran.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moayedi</surname><given-names>Javad non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моайеди</surname><given-names>Джавад нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>jmoayaedi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hasanshahi</surname><given-names>Zahra non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname></surname><given-names>Захра  нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>75hasanshai@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rezaei</surname><given-names>Esmaeil non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Резаи</surname><given-names>Эсмаил нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>behzad2@iran.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ghassabi</surname><given-names>Farzaneh non</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гассаби</surname><given-names>Фарзане нон</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</p></bio><email>fghasabi@iran.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ширазский исследовательский центр ВИЧ / СПИДа, Институт здоровья Ширазского университета медицинских наук, Шираз, Иран</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-28"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Dehghani B.n., Hashempour T.N., Mousavi Z.n., Moayedi J.n., Hasanshahi Z.n., Rezaei E.n., Ghassabi F.n.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Dehghani B., Hashempour T., Mousavi Z., Moayedi J., Hasanshahi Z., Rezaei E., Ghassabi F.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dehghani B.n., Hashempour T.N., Mousavi Z.n., Moayedi J.n., Hasanshahi Z.n., Rezaei E.n., Ghassabi F.n.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Dehghani B., Hashempour T., Mousavi Z., Moayedi J., Hasanshahi Z., Rezaei E., Ghassabi F.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1383">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1383</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold></p> <p>Currently, more than 37 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Reverse transcription (RT) is a main part in the life cycle of retroviruses which is responsible for synthesis of DNA complementary to an RNA or DNA template. Recently several inhibitors have been introduced to target RT protein; however, drug resistance is one of the greatest challenges in the improvement of effective treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we determined the resistance mutations in the RT gene in treatment failure patients and searched for the dominant subtype among them. </p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold></p> <p>HIV viral load and a reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain (RT-nested PCR) reactions were performed in 15 patients with treatment failure to amplify the RT gene. Drug resistance mutations, as well as the viral subtypes, were analyzed using by using several bioinformatics software and online tools.</p> <p><bold> Results: </bold></p> <p>The frequency of RT related drug-resistance mutations in patients was 33.3%, among which the major mutation consisted of 20% of all those occurring in codon 184. Moreover, the results showed 6.6% and 26.6% of patients were resistant to Non-Nucleoside RT Inhibitor (NNRTIs) and Nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NRTIs), respectively. In addition, the vast majority of samples (12 patients of 15) belonged to subtype CRF35-AD.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions</bold>:</p> <p>The present study reports updates on the mutations related to RT resistance in Iranian HIV patients receiving treatment, show that 20% of the samples had a high-level of resistance to Lamivudine, and Emtricitabine which should be confirmed for further antiretroviral (AVR) regimens for HIV infected patients. Also, two new mutations related to resistance to Nevirapine, Doravirine, Zidovudine, and Stavudine were introduced in this investigation.</p> <p>The present results could be used as predictive information on the response to anti-RT, and also highlight the importance of considering the periodic monitoring of HIV resistance test in HIV infected patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>История вопроса:</bold></p> <p>В настоящее время более 37 миллионов человек живут с вирусом иммунодефицита человека типа 1. Обратная транскрипция (ОТ) является основной частью жизненного цикла ретровирусов, которая отвечает за синтез ДНК, комплементарной РНК или матричной ДНК. Недавно было введено несколько ингибиторов белка-мишени ОТ; однако лекарственная устойчивость является одной из самых серьезных проблем в улучшении эффективного лечения инфекции, вызванной вирусом иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ). В настоящей работе мы определили мутации устойчивости в гене RT у пациентов с неудачным лечением и провели у них поиск доминантного подтипа.</p> <p><bold>Методы:</bold></p> <p>Вирусная нагрузка ВИЧ и реакции вложенной полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией (вложенная ПЦР с обратной транскрипцией) были выполнены у 15 пациентов, у которых лечение не привело к амплификации гена RT. Мутации устойчивости к лекарствам, а также подтипы вирусов были проанализированы с помощью нескольких программ биоинформатики и онлайн-инструментов.</p> <p> <bold>Полученные результаты:</bold></p> <p>Частота мутаций лекарственной устойчивости, связанных с ОТ, у пациентов составила 33,3%, среди которых основная мутация составила 20%, происходящих в кодоне 184. Более того, результаты показали, что 6,6% и 26,6% пациентов были устойчивы к ненуклеозидной ОТ. Ингибитор (ННИОТ) и Нуклеозидные ингибиторы ОТ (НИОТ) соответственно. Кроме того, подавляющее большинство образцов (12 пациентов из 15) относились к подтипу CRF35-AD.</p> <p><bold>Выводы:</bold></p> <p>В настоящем исследовании представлены обновленные данные о мутациях, связанных с устойчивостью к ОТ у иранских пациентов с ВИЧ, получающих лечение, и показано, что 20% образцов содержат высокий уровень устойчивости к ламивудину и эмтрицитабину, что необходимо подтвердить для дальнейших схем антиретровирусной терапии (АРТ) для ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов. Кроме того, в это исследование были внесены две новые мутации, связанные с устойчивостью к невирапину, доравирину, зидовудину и ставудину.</p> <p>Настоящие результаты могут использоваться в качестве предикторов ответа на анти-ОТ, а также подчеркивают важность рассмотрения периодического мониторинга теста на устойчивость к ВИЧ у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV, RT, Drug-resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ, ОТ, лекарственная устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Gilbert, M.T.P., et al., The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007. 104(47): p. 18566-18570.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Dehghani, A., P. Dehghani, and B. 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