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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1363</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ADF-1363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>S. pyogenes</italic> M49-16 arginine deiminase inhibits proliferative activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аргининдеиминаза <italic>S. pyogenes</italic> M49-16 подавляет пролиферативную активность лимфоцитов периферической крови человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starickova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старикова</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eleonora A. Starikova - PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Associate Professor, Department of Immunology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University.</p><p>197376, St. Petersburg, Akademika Pavlova str., 12.</p><p>Phone: +7 (812) 234-16-69 (office); Fax: +7 (812) 234-94-89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старикова Элеонора Александровна - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии, Институт экспериментальной медицины; доцент кафедры иммунологии; ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ.</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, 12.</p><p>Тел.: 8 (812) 234-16-69 (служебн.); Факс: 8 (812) 234-94-89</p></bio><email>Starickova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leveshko</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левешко</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Technician, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант отдела иммунологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>angryteacher@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Churakina</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуракина</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студент.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>churakina.darya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>igorek1981@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела молекулярной микробиологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>lburova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Freidlin</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фрейдлин</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, RAS Corresponding Member, Head Researcher, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Professor of the Department of Immunology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University; Professor of the Department of Fundamental Problems of Medicine and Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg State University.</p><p>St. Petersburg.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, главный научный сотрудник отдела иммунологии, Институт экспериментальной медицины; профессор кафедры иммунологии ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова МЗ РФ; профессор кафедры фундаментальных проблем медицины и медицинских технологий СПбГУ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург.</p></bio><email>irinaf-n@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>356</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-19"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Starickova E.A., Leveshko T.A., Churakina D.V., Kudryavtsev I.V., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Старикова Э.А., Левешко Т.А., Чуракина Д.В., Кудрявцев И.В., Бурова Л.А., Фрейдлин И.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Starickova E.A., Leveshko T.A., Churakina D.V., Kudryavtsev I.V., Burova L.A., Freidlin I.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Старикова Э.А., Левешко Т.А., Чуракина Д.В., Кудрявцев И.В., Бурова Л.А., Фрейдлин И.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1363">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1363</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Arginine deiminase is one of three enzymes constituting the arginine deiminase system in bacteria. It was demonstrated that arginine deiminase exerts anti-proliferative effects on some primary and immortalized mouse and human cells. It is assumed that the inhibitory effect of arginine deiminase on cell proliferation might be related to its ability to result in the arginine exhaustion. T-lymphocytes depend on arginine for proliferation, T-cell receptor complex expression, and the differentiation of memory cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate an impact streptococcal arginine deiminase on functions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. For this, we comparatively analyzed effects of Supernatant of Destroyed Streptococcal Cells (SDSCs) derived from parental strain <italic>S. pyogenes</italic> M49-16 and its isogenic mutant <italic>S. pyogenes</italic> M49-16delArcA bearing inactivated arginine deiminase gene (ArcA) on immune cell functions. An impact of supernatants on cell viability was estimated by staining with DAPI dye. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT-test and flow cytometry by using the method based on intracellular protein staining with vital fluorescent CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) dye. In addition, the level of lymphocyte tyrosine phosphatase CD45 expression in various culturing conditions was evaluated. It was demonstrated that <italic>S. pyogenes</italic> M49-16 SDSCs had no impact on cells viability. Parental strain-derived SDSC exerted virtually no effect on intact cells proliferation, but considerably suppressed ConA-induced cell proliferation. At the same time, mutant strain-derived SDSC significantly stimulated spontaneous cell proliferation, but not that one after mitogen exposure. It was observed that increased proliferation was accompanied by upregulated CD45 expression, although it was not significant in all cases. These data allow to conclude that bacterial arginine deiminase could be one of pathogenicity factors able to limit lymphocyte proliferation and immune response and could be a part of pathogen strategy to suppress immune response in order to improve bacterial growth and dissemination.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Аргининдеиминаза является одним из трех ферментов, образующих систему аргининдеиминазы у бактерий. Ранее было установлено, что аргининдеиминаза, обладает антипролиферативным действием в отношении ряда первичных и иммортализованных клеток мыши и человека. Предполагается, что ингибирующее действие фермента может быть связано с его способностью приводить к истощению аргинина в микроокружении клеток. Биодоступность аргинина играет важную роль для пролиферации Т-лимфоцитов, экспрессии белков Т-клеточного рецептора и дифференцировки клеток памяти. Целью настоящего исследования стало изучение влияния аргининдеиминазы пиогенного стрептококка на функциональную активность лимфоцитов периферической крови человека. Для достижения поставленной цели было проведено сравнительное исследование влияния супернатанта разрушенных стрептококковых клеток (СРС) исходного штамма <italic>S</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>pyogenes</italic> M49-16 и его изогенного мутанта <italic>S</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>pyogenes</italic> M49-16delArcA с инактивированным геном аргининдеиминазы (ArcA) на функции иммунных клеток. Влияние супернатантов на жизнеспособность клеток оценивали методом проточной цитометрии, с использованием ДНК-связывающего красителя DAPI. Пролиферацию клеток оценивали с помощью МТТ-теста и цитофлуориметрически с использованием метода, основанного на окрашивании внутриклеточного белка витальным флуоресцентным красителем CFSE (карбоксифлуоресцеинсукцинимидилэфирным красителем). Кроме того, в работе оценивали уровень экспрессии на лимфоцитах тирозинфосфатазы CD45 в различных условиях культивирования. Было показано, что СРС <italic>S</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>pyogenes</italic> M49-16 не оказывал влияния на жизнеспособность клеток. СРС исходного штамма практически не влиял на пролиферацию интактных клеток, но значительно подавлял пролиферацию клеток, индуцированную ConA. В то же время СРС мутантного штамма достоверно повышал спонтанную пролиферацию клеток и не оказывал влияния на пролиферацию, индуцированную митогеном. Было показано, что увеличение пролиферации сопровождалось увеличением уровня экспрессии CD45, однако эти изменения не во всех случаях были достоверны. Полученные данные позволяют заключить, что бактериальная аргининдеиминаза может являться одним из факторов патогенности, способных ограничивать пролиферацию лимфоцитов и развитие иммунного ответа с целью улучшения роста и диссеминации бактерий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>arginine deiminase</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pyogenes</kwd><kwd>lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>CFSE</kwd><kwd>proliferation</kwd><kwd>CD45</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аргининдеиминаза</kwd><kwd>Streptococcus pyogenes</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>CFSE</kwd><kwd>пролиферация</kwd><kwd>CD45</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Aziz R.K., Kotb M. Rise and persistence of global M1T1 clone of Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2008, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1511-1517. doi: 10.3201/eid1410.071660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	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