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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1292</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-HIR-1292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Heterologous immune responses in health and disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гетерологичные иммунные ответы в норме и при патологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toptygina</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топтыгина</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna P. Toptygina – PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Cytokine, G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbilogy; Professor, Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University</p><p>125212, Moscow, Admiral Makarov str., 10Phone: +7 (495) 452-18-01 (office). Fax: +7 (495) 452-18-30 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Топтыгина Анна Павловна – д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории цитокинов ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора; профессор кафедры иммунологии ФГБО УВПО Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</p><p>125212, Москва, ул. Адмирала Макарова, 10Тел.: 8 (495) 452-18-01 (служебн.). Факс: 8 (495) 452-18-30 </p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБО УВПО Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-05-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>269</fpage><lpage>276</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-01-16"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Toptygina A.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Топтыгина А.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toptygina A.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина А.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1292">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1292</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Immunological memory and tolerance represent major achievements and advantages of adaptive immunity. Organisms bearing adaptive immunity display prominent competitive advantages in the fight against infections. Memory immune cells are preserved for decades and are able to repel a second attack of an infectious agent. However, studies performed in the XXI century have shown that even unrelated pathogens may be quickly and effectively destroyed by memory cells. This type of response is called heterologous so that heterologous immune response is mainly typical to viral infections and other intracellular infections, where T-cells play a lead role in protection. This review will discuss various mechanisms involved in implementing T-cell cross-reactivity, describe molecular prerequisites for heterologous T-cell responses. Experimental evidence of memory T-cell potential to heterologous immune response in mouse models and in human infections are also discussed. Heterologous immune response is an important immune arm in adults and the elderly when the yield of naive cells to the periphery declines due to thymus involution. Along with obvious advantages, heterologous immune response leads to imbalanced memory T-cell repertoire, replacement of immunodominant epitopes with minor ones allowing viruses to evade immune response that results in virus persistence, or, conversely, fulminant infection course. Another threat of heterologous immune response due to switch in dominant repertoire of recognizable epitopes is presented by random self-epitope recognition, which can lead to development of autoimmune pathology. Heterologous immunity can also disrupt drug-induced tolerance in organ and tissue transplants and lead to graft rejection. Heterologous immune response should be taken into consideration while developing and using new vaccines, especially in adults and the elderly.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Иммунологическая память и толерантность являются главными достижениями и преимуществами адаптивного иммунитета. Организмы, обладающие адаптивным иммунитетом, имеют серьезные конкурентные преимущества в борьбе с инфекциями. Клетки иммунологической памяти сохраняются десятилетиями и способны отразить повторную атаку инфекционного агента. Однако исследования XXI века показали, что клетки памяти способны быстро и эффективно уничтожать даже неродственные патогены. Такой тип ответа называют гетерологичным. Гетерологичные иммунные ответы наиболее типичны для вирусных инфекций и других внутриклеточных инфекций, где ведущую роль в защите организма играют Т-клетки. В обзоре рассмотрены различные механизмы, вовлеченные в реализацию Т-клеточной кросс-реактивности, описаны молекулярные предпосылки для гетерологичных ответов Т-клеток. Также обсуждаются экспериментальные подтверждения способности Т-клеток памяти к гетерологичным иммунным ответам на мышиных моделях и при инфекциях у человека. Гетерологичные иммунные ответы являются важной составляющей иммунитета у взрослых и пожилых, когда в результате инволюции тимуса снижается выход наивных клеток на периферию. Наряду с очевидными преимуществами, гетерологичные иммунные ответы приводят к перекосам в репертуаре Т-клеток памяти, замене иммунодоминантных эпитопов на минорные, что позволяет вирусам ускользать от иммунного ответа, приводя к персистенции вируса, или, напротив, к фульминантным формам инфекции. Другая опасность гетерологичного иммунного ответа — это случайное распознавание аутоэпитопа в результате смены доминантного репертуара распознаваемых эпитопов, что может приводить к развитию аутоиммунной патологии. Также гетерологичный иммунитет может нарушать индуцируемую медикаментозно толерантность при пересадках органов и тканей и приводить к отторжению трансплантата. Следует учитывать особенности гетерологичных иммунных ответов при разработке новых вакцин и применении их, особенно у взрослых и пожилых людей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heterologous immunity</kwd><kwd>cross-reactive T cell</kwd><kwd>T-cell memory</kwd><kwd>viral infections</kwd><kwd>immunopathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гетерологичный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>кросс-реактивность Т-клеток</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки памяти</kwd><kwd>вирусные инфекции</kwd><kwd>иммунопатогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Adams A.B., Williams M.A., Jones T.R., Shirasugi N., Durham M.M., Kaech S.M., Wherry E.J., Onami T., Lanier J.G., Kokko K.E., Pearson T.C., Ahmed R., Larsen C.P. Heterologous immunity provides a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance. J. Clin. 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