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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1257</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-NGP-1257</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neutrophil granulocytes: participation in homeostatic and reparative processes. Part I</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейтрофильные гранулоциты: участие в гомеостатических и репаративных процессах. Часть I</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushin</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушин</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Челябинск</p></bio><email>alena_mez_75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezentseva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мезенцева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Mezentseva</p><p>454092, Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Vorovskogo str., 64, Phone: +7 902 892-28-43</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p> </p><p>Мезенцева Елена Анатольевна - кафедра Микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики, доцент, SPIN-код автора: 3063-5739.</p><p>454092, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64, Тел.: 8 902 892-28-43</p><p> </p>.</bio><email>alena_mez_75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South-Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>609</fpage><lpage>624</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-07-26"><day>26</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-11-26"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Dolgushin I.I., Mezentseva E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Долгушин И.И., Мезенцева Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgushin I.I., Mezentseva E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгушин И.И., Мезенцева Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1257">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1257</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>After exiting from the bone marrow (BM) into the circulation, mature neutrophil granulocytes undergo a set of sequential phenotypic and physiological changes collectively called “aging” in the absence of inflammation, by constitutively sensing prime signals from commensal microbiota and acquiring higher functional alertness in case of activation upon tissue damage or pathogen invasion. Physiological aging of blood neutrophils and their subsequent return to the BM result in signals modulating size and function of the hematopoietic niche. Circadian physiological infiltration of BM by neutrophils contributes to maintaining baseline level of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells capable of regeneration and immune surveillance. Apart from the BM, neutrophils actively enter other healthy tissues, probably exerting some effects on their baseline physiologic state. Using lung tissue, it has been shown that neutrophils can “govern” action of gene set regulating cell growth, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. Neutrophils participate in destruction of endometrial tissues during desquamation phase as well as subsequent repair and physiological angiogenesis during proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle; promote wall rupture of the preovulatory ovarian follicle and oocyte exit; contribute to degradation and resorption of the corpus luteum in pregnancy failure; play an important physiological role in vascular remodeling in pregnant uterus and developing maternal immune tolerance to semi-allogeneic fetus. Neutrophils actively migrating to the surface of intestinal epithelium during local infection and/or damage stimulate epithelial restitution and recovery of its barrier function. On the other hand, neutrophils recruited into the oral cavity regulate quantitative and qualitative composition of microbial communities in oral biofilms, and ensure healthy state of periodontal structures. Being a major player and regulator in healing of skin wounds at early stage, inflammation, neutrophils not only destroy potential pathogens, but also participate in cleansing wounds from cell debris, produce cytokines, enzymes, and growth factors affecting further stages in repair process. Both apoptosis and NETosis underlying neutrophil death greatly contribute to wound healing. However, dysregulation and imbalance in both apoptosis and NETosis may lead to unfavorable consequences as well as developing chronic non-healing wounds.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>После выхода из костного мозга (КМ) в кровообращение зрелые нейтрофильные гранулоциты в отсутствие воспаления претерпевают ряд фенотипических и физиологических изменений, в комплексе названных «старением», конститутивно получая праймирующие сигналы от комменсальной микробиоты и приобретая большую функциональную готовность в случае активации при травматизации тканей или инвазии патогенов. Физиологическое старение нейтрофилов в крови и последующее их возвращение в КМ генерирует сигналы, модулирующие размер и функции гемопоэтической ниши. Циркадная физиологическая инфильтрация КМ нейтрофилами содействует поддержанию базового уровня внекостномозговых гемопоэтических клеток-предшественников, обладающих функциями регенерации и иммунного наблюдения. Помимо КМ, нейтрофилы активно проникают и в другие здоровые ткани, вероятно, оказывая действие на их базальную физиологию. На примере легочной ткани показано, что нейтрофилы могут «управлять» работой ряда генов, регулирующих клеточный рост, миграцию, пролиферацию, дифференцировку клеток и канцерогенез. Нейтрофильные гранулоциты принимают участие в деструкции эндометриальных тканей во время фазы десква-мации, в последующей их репарации и физиологическом ангиогенезе в пролиферативной фазе менструального цикла; участвуют в процессе разрыва стенки преовуляторного фолликула яичников и выхода ооцита; способствуют деградации и рассасыванию желтого тела при ненаступлении беременности; играют важную физиологическую роль в ремоделировании сосудов беременной матки и формировании материнской иммунной толерантности по отношению к полуаллогенному плоду. При инфекции и/или повреждении слизистой оболочки кишечника активно мигрирующие на поверхность кишечного эпителия нейтрофилы стимулируют реституцию эпителия и восстановление его барьерной функции. Рекрутированные в ротовую полость нейтрофилы регулируют количественный и качественный состав микробных сообществ оральных биопленок, отвечают за обеспечение здоровья пародонтальных структур. Являясь основным участником и регулятором заживления кожных ран на ранней стадии, стадии воспаления, нейтрофилы не только уничтожают возможных патогенов, но также участвуют в очищении раны от клеточного дебриса, генерируют цитокины, ферменты, ростовые факторы, влияющие на дальнейшие этапы процесса репарации. И апоптоз, и нетоз, являясь механизмами гибели нейтрофилов, вносят огромный вклад в процесс заживления ран. Однако дисрегуляция и нарушение баланса как апоптоза, так и нетоза могут приводить к негативным последствиям с формированием хронических, длительно незаживающих ран.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neutrophilic granulocytes</kwd><kwd>life cycle</kwd><kwd>homeostasis</kwd><kwd>repair</kwd><kwd>skin</kwd><kwd>lungs</kwd><kwd>oral cavity</kwd><kwd>intestines</kwd><kwd>female reproductive tract</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейтрофильные гранулоциты</kwd><kwd>жизненный цикл</kwd><kwd>гомеостаз</kwd><kwd>репарация</kwd><kwd>кожа</kwd><kwd>легкие</kwd><kwd>ротовая полость</kwd><kwd>кишечник</kwd><kwd>женский репродуктивный тракт</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Долгушин И.И., Бухарин О.В. Нейтрофилы и гомеостаз. Екатеринбург: УрО РАН, 2001. 288 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	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