<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1244</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-ARO-1244</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A role of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in regulating innate immune response</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль пептидогликан-распознающих белков в регуляции врожденного иммунного ответа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slonova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слонова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Investigator, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology; PhD Student, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева МЗ РФ; аспирантка, АНО ВПО Сколковский институт науки и технологий</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>daria.slonova@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Posvyatenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Посвятенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>alexandra.posvyatenko@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kibardin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кибардин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной иммунологии</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>alexey.kibardin@fccho-moscow.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Georgiev</surname><given-names>G. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгиев</surname><given-names>Г. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Adviser of RAS, Professor, RAS Full Member, Head Researcher, Laboratory of Gene Therapy</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, советник РАН, академик, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории генной терапии</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>georgiev@igb.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnuchev</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнучев</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Biology), Adviser of RAS, Professor, RAS Corresponding Member, Head Researcher, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Cancer</p><p><italic>Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, советник РАН, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории иммуногенетики рака</p><p><italic>Москва</italic></p></bio><email>gnuchev@igb.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larin</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларин</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Larin Sergey S</bold>, PhD (Biology), Deputy Director for Science, Molecular and Experimental Medicine</p><p><italic>117997, Moscow, Samory Mashela str., 1</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Ларин Сергей Сергеевич</bold>, кандидат биологических наук, заместитель директора по научной работе Высшей школы молекулярной и экспериментальной медицины</p><p><italic>117997, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, 1</italic></p></bio><email>sergei_larin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Дмитрия Рогачева МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО ВПО Сколковский институт науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Gene Biology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Институт биологии гена РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-08-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>469</fpage><lpage>476</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-11-11"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Slonova D.A., Posvyatenko A.V., Kibardin A.V., Georgiev G.P., Gnuchev N.V., Larin S.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Слонова Д.А., Посвятенко А.В., Кибардин А.В., Георгиев Г.П., Гнучев Н.В., Ларин С.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Slonova D.A., Posvyatenko A.V., Kibardin A.V., Georgiev G.P., Gnuchev N.V., Larin S.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Слонова Д.А., Посвятенко А.В., Кибардин А.В., Георгиев Г.П., Гнучев Н.В., Ларин С.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1244">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1244</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>By now, a whole number of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant or tolerant microorganisms has been progressively increased. Hence, efficient fight against them requires to change the class of antibiotics, increase their dose, or develop new antimicrobial drugs. On the contrary, another option could rely on augmenting innate immunity. During coevolution, eukaryotes have developed several ways for their protection against microorganisms. Innate immunity conserved in all multicellular organisms. The essential principles of innate immunity include recognition of a foreign structures and their subsequent destruction. A set of specific receptors recognize conserved pathogen-derived structures. Elimination occurs due to phagocytosis and cleavage, e.g. via oxidative burst in phagocytic cells, compliment system or antimicrobial peptides. Recognition system in innate immunity is based on the pattern recognition receptors. Due to the pathogen diversity, multiple conserved structures typical to pathogens (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagellin etc.) are sensed by numerous receptors. The family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins is among such receptors, which were first isolated in 1996 from the silkworm Bombyx mori and mice. Later, it was demonstrated that this family is conserved and its members are found in insects, fish and mammals. Here, functions of insect peptidoglycan recognition proteins in Drosophila melanogaster as well as mammals are discussed. Such proteins are expressed mainly in liver cells (insects — in adipose tissue cells as analogue of mammalian liver), intestinal cells, and epidermis. Numerous studies demonstrate that peptidoglycan-recognition proteins moderate immune response, and may act as antimicrobial proteins, or to regulate microbiota as well as prevent enterocyte activation and restrict inflammatory response. Due to evolutionary conservatism observed for such proteins and inability for bacteria to evade their protective effects, it seems promising to use peptidoglycan recognition proteins in a combination therapeutic approach against antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-tolerant forms of microorganisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время число патогенных микроорганизмов, устойчивых или толерантных к антибиотикам, растет. Для борьбы с ними нужно менять класс антибиотиков, или увеличивать их дозу, или разрабатывать новые антимикробные препараты. Одним из возможных решений данной проблемы является использование механизмов врожденного иммунитета. Врожденный иммунитет характерен для всех многоклеточных. За время совместной эволюции эукариоты выработали несколько способов защиты от микроорганизмов. Главные принципы врожденного иммунитета — распознавание чужеродного и его уничтожение. Распознавание чужеродных агентов происходит с помощью рецепторов, специализированных на узнавании консервативных структур патогенов. Элиминация происходит за счет фагоцитоза и расщепления, например с помощью оксидативного взрыва в фагоцитирующих клетках, системы комплимента или антимикробных пептидов. Основой системы распознавания врожденного иммунитета являются рецепторы опознавания паттернов. Паттернами, в данном случае, называют консервативные структуры, специфичные для больших групп патогенов, к ним относятся, например: липополисахарид, пептидогликан, флагеллин и другие. В связи с разнообразием патогенов существует множество консервативных структур, характерных для этих патогенов и множество рецепторов к ним. Семейство пептидогликан-распознающих белков относится к таким рецепторам. Впервые пептидогликан-распознающие белки были выделены в 1996 г. у тутового шелкопряда и у мыши. Позднее было выяснено, что это семейство консервативно, его представители есть и у насекомых, и у рыб, и у млекопитающих. В этой статье рассмотрены функции пептидогликан-распознающих белков насекомых на примере Drosophila melanogaster и млекопитающих. Эти белки экспрессируются в основном в клетках печени (у насекомых в клетках жировой ткани — аналог печени), клетках кишечника и эпидермисе. Многочисленные исследования демонстрируют, что пептидогликан-распознающие белки выполняют разнообразнейшие функции, не всегда сводящиеся к активации иммунитета и уничтожению чужеродных объектов. У насекомых белки данного семейства активируют сигнальные пути, в том числе приводящие к экспрессии антимикробных белков, предотвращают активацию энтероцитов, ограничивают воспаление. Пептидогликан-распознающие белки млекопитающих обладают бактерицидной и бактериостатической активностью, меняя проницаемость бактериальных мембран, запускают процессы самоуничтожения бактерий, связываясь с белками на поверхности бактериальной клеточной стенки. Белки семейства могут индуцировать воспалительный ответ и подавлять его, регулируют микробиоту — являются модераторами иммунного ответа. С учетом эволюционной консервативности этих белков и отсутствия у бактерий механизма ускользания от них, перспективным представляется использования пептидогликан-распознающих белков в комплексном подходе к лечению антибиотикорезистентных и антибиотикотолерантных форм микроорганизмов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>peptidoglycan recognition proteins</kwd><kwd>PGRP</kwd><kwd>PGLYRP</kwd><kwd>pattern-recognition receptors</kwd><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>пептидогликан-распознающие белки</kwd><kwd>PGRP</kwd><kwd>PGLYRP</kwd><kwd>паттернассоциированные рецепторы</kwd><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Кибардин А.В., Миркина И.И., Закеева И.Р., Баранова Е.В., Георгиев Г.П., Киселев С.Л. Анализ экспрессии белков, кодируемых семейством генов tag7/tagB(PGRP-S,L), в клетках периферической крови человека // Генетика. 2003. Т. 39, № 2. C. 244–249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Кустикова О.С., Киселев С.Л., Бородулина O.P., Сенин В.М., Афанасьева А.В., Кабишев А.А. Клонирование гена tag7, экспрессирующегося в метастазирующих опухолях мыши // Генетика. 1996. Т. 32, № 5. C. 621–628</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Слонова Д.А., Посвятенко А.В., Сысолятина Е.В., Еромолаева С.А., Кибардин А.В., Лысюк Е.Ю., Гапонов А.М., Гнучев Н.В., Георгиев Г.П., Ларин С.С. Влияние пептидогликан-распознающего белка Tag-7/PGLYRP-1 на внутриклеточное выживание Listeria monocytogenes // Медицинская иммунология. 2017. Т. 19, Спец. вып. C. 83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Тутельян А.В., Гапонов А.М., Писарев В.М., Эльрегистан Г.И. Дормантное состояние микроорганизмов и профилактика инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи // Терапевтический архив. 2015. Т. 87, № 11. C. 103–108.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Basbous N., Coste F., Leone P., Vincentelli R., Royet J., Kellenberger C., Roussel A. The Drosophila peptidoglycan-recognition protein LF interacts with peptidoglycan-recognition protein LC to downregulate the Imd pathway. EMBO Rep., 2011, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 327–333.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Bischoff V., Vignal C., Boneca I.G., Michel T., Hoffmann J.A., Royet J. Function of the drosophila pattern-recognition receptor PGRP-SD in the detection of Gram-positive bacteria. Nat. Immunol., 2004, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 1175–1180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Chang C.I., Chelliah Y., Borek D., Mengin-Lecreulx D., Deisenhofer J. Structure of tracheal cytotoxin in complex with a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor. Science, 2006, vol. 311, no. 5768, pp. 1761–1764.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Charroux B., Capo F., Kurz C.L., Peslier S., Chaduli D., Viallat-Lieutaud A., Royet J. Cytosolic and secreted peptidoglycandegrading enzymes in drosophila respectively control local and systemic immune responses to microbiota. Cell Host Microbe., 2018, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 215–228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Choe K.M., Werner T., Stöven S., Hultmark D., Anderson K.V. Requirement for a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Relish activation and antibacterial immune responses in Drosophila. Science., 2002, vol. 296, no. 5566, pp. 359–362.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. De Marzi M.C., Todone M., Ganem M.B., Wang Q., Mariuzza R.A., Fernández M.M., Malchiodi E.L. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-peptidoglycan complexes increase monocyte/macrophage activation and enhance the inflammatory response. Immunology, 2015, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 429–442. doi: 10.1111/imm.12460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Dziarski R., Gupta D. Mammalian PGRPs: novel antibacterial proteins. Cell Microbiol., 2006, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1059–1069. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00726.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Dziarski R., Gupta D. The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Genome Biol., 2006, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Dziarski R., Kashyap D.R., Gupta D. Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating two-component systems and modulate microbiome and inflammation. Microb. Drug Resist., 2012, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 280–285.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Ferrandon D., Imler J.L., Hetru C., Hoffmann J.A. The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2007, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 862–874.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Gelius E., Persson C., Karlsson J., Steiner H. A mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein with N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, vol. 306, no. 4, pp. 988–994.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Gobert V., Gottar M., Matskevich A.A., Rutschmann S., Royet J., Belvin M., Hoffmann J.A., Ferrandon D. Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors. Science, 2003, vol. 302, no. 5653, pp. 2126–2130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Gottar M., Gobert V., Michel T., Belvin M., Duyk G., Hoffmann J.A., Ferrandon D., Royet J. The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein. Nature, 2002, vol. 416, no. 6881, pp. 640–644.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Guan R., Mariuzza R.A. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins of the innate immune system. Trends Microbiol., 2007, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 127–134.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Hoffmann J.A. The immune response of Drosophila. Nature, 2003, vol. 426, no. 6962, pp. 33–38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Hyyryläinen H.L., Bolhuis A., Darmon E., Muukkonen L., Koski P., Vitikainen M., Sarvas M., Prágai Z., Bron S., van Dijl J.M., Kontinen V.P. A novel two-component regulatory system in Bacillus subtilis for the survival of severe secretion stress. Mol. Microbiol., 2001, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1159–1172. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02576.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Jang I.H., Chosa N., Kim S.H., Nam H.J., Lemaitre B., Ochiai M., Kambris Z., Brun S., Hashimoto C., Ashida M., Brey P.T., Lee W.J. A Spätzle-processing enzyme required for toll signaling activation in Drosophila innate immunity. Dev. Cell, 2006, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45–55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Kaneko T., Goldman W.E., Mellroth P., Steiner H., Fukase K., Kusumoto S., Harley W., Fox A., Golenbock D., Silverman N. Monomeric and polymeric gram-negative peptidoglycan but not purified LPS stimulate the Drosophila IMD pathway. Immunity, 2004, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 637–649.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Kaneko T., Yano T., Aggarwal K., Lim J.H., Ueda K., Oshima Y., Peach C., Erturk-Hasdemir D., Goldman W.E., Oh B.H., Kurata S., Silverman N. PGRP-LC and PGRP-LE have essential yet distinct functions in the drosophila immune response to monomeric DAP-type peptidoglycan. Nat. Immunol., 2006, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 715–723.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Kang D., Liu G., Lundström A., Gelius E., Steiner H. A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, no. 17, pp. 10078–10082.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Kashyap D.R., Wang M., Liu L.H., Boons G.J., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems. Nat. Med., 2011, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 676–683.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Kibardin A., Karpova T., Sapenko T., Vazquez-Boland J.A., Kiselev S., Ermolaeva S. Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein Tag-L inhibits Listeria monocytogenes invasion into epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 284–290. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2005.00038.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Kibardin A.V., Mirkina I.I., Baranova E.V., Zakeyeva I.R., Georgiev G.P., Kiselev S.L. The differentially spliced mouse tagL gene, homolog of tag7/PGRP gene family in mammals and Drosophila, can recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall independently of T phage lysozyme homology domain. J. Mol. Biol., 2003, vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 467–474.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Kiselev S.L., Kustikova O.S., Korobko E.V., Prokhortchouk E.B., Kabishev A.A., Lukanidin E.M., Georgiev G.P. Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse tag7 gene encoding a novel cytokine. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, vol. 273, no. 29, pp 18633–18639.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Kohanski M.A., Dwyer D.J., Wierzbowski J., Cottarel G., Collins J.J. Mistranslation of membrane proteins and two-component system activation trigger antibiotic-mediated cell death. Cell, 2008, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 679–690.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Lemaitre B., Hoffmann J. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2007, vol. 25, pp. 697–743. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Ligoxygakis P., Pelte N., Hoffmann J.A., Reichhart J.M. Activation of Drosophila Toll during fungal infection by a blood serine protease. Science, 2002, vol. 297, no. 5578, pp. 114–116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Lim J.H., Kim M.S., Kim H.E., Yano T., Oshima Y., Aggarwal K., Goldman W.E., Silverman N., Kurata S., Oh B.H. Structural basis for preferential recognition of diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan by a subset of peptidoglycan recognition proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, vol. 281, no. 12, pp. 8286–8295.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Liu C., Gelius E., Liu G., Steiner H., Dziarski R. Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein binds peptidoglycan with high affinity, is expressed in neutrophils, and inhibits bacterial growth. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, vol. 275, no. 32, pp. 24490–24499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Liu C., Xu Z., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, vol. 276, no. 37, pp. 34686–34694.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Lu X., Wang M., Qi J., Wang H., Li X., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, vol. 281, no. 9, pp. 5895–5907.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Maillet F., Bischoff V., Vignal C., Hoffmann J., Royet J. The Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LF blocks PGRP-LC and IMD/JNK pathway activation. Cell Host Microbe, 2008, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 293–303.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Mathur P., Murray B., Crowell T., Gardner H., Allaire N., Hsu Y.M., Thill G., Carulli J.P. Murine peptidoglycan recognition proteins PGLYRPIalpha and PGLYRPIbeta are encoded in the epidermal differentiation complex and are expressed in epidermal and hematopoietic tissues. Genomics, 2004, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1151–1163.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Mellroth P., Karlsson J., Steiner H. A scavenger function for a Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, vol. 278, no. 9, pp. 7059–7064.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Mellroth P., Steiner H. PGRP-SB1: an N-acetylmuramoyl L-alanine amidase with antibacterial activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, vol. 350, no. 4, pp. 994–999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Mirkina I.I., Kibardin A.V., Korneeva E.A., Gnuchev N.V., Georgiev G.P., Kiselev S.L. Cloning and study of new mammalian genes containing the region of structural homology with phage lysozyme. Rus. J. Genetics, 2000, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1492–1500.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Neyen C., Runchel C., Schüpfer F., Meier P., Lemaitre B. The regulatory isoform rPGRP-LC induces immune resolution via endosomal degradation of receptors. Nat. Immunol., 2016, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1150–1158</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Rämet M., Manfruelli P., Pearson A., Mathey-Prevot B., Ezekowitz R.A. Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli. Nature, 2002, vol. 416, no. 6881, pp. 644–648.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Royet J., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: pleiotropic sensors and effectors of antimicrobial defences. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2007, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 264–277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Royet J., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2011, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 837–851.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Saha S., Jing X., Park S.Y., Wang S., Li X., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins protect mice from experimental colitis by promoting normal gut flora and preventing induction of interferon-gamma. Cell Host Microbe, 2010, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 147–162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Saha S., Qi J., Wang S., Wang M., Li X., Kim Y.G., Núñez G., Gupta D., Dziarski R. PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for peptidoglycan-induced arthritis and local inflammation. Cell Host Microbe, 2009, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 137–150.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Shrivastav A., Dabrowski A.N., Conrad C., Baal N., Hackstein H., Plog S., Dietert K., Gruber A.D., N’Guessan P.D., Aly S., Suttorp N., Zahlten J. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 does not alter the outcome of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. Front Microbiol., 2018, vol. 9, no. 103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48. Tydell C.C., Yount N., Tran D., Yuan J., Selsted M.E. Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of bovine oligosaccharide-binding protein. A microbicidal granule protein of eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, vol. 277, no. 22, pp. 19658–19664.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Tydell C.C., Yuan J., Tran P., Selsted M.E. Bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein-S: antimicrobial activity, localization, secretion, and binding properties. J. Immunol., 2006, vol. 176, no. 2, pp. 1154–1162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50. Uehara A., Sugawara Y., Kurata S., Fujimoto Y., Fukase K., Kusumoto S., Satta Y., Sasano T., Sugawara S., Takada H. Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol., 2005, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 675–686. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00500.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>51. Wang M., Liu L.H., Wang S., Li X., Lu X., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Human peptidoglycan recognition proteins require zinc to kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are synergistic with antibacterial peptides. J. Immunol., 2007, vol. 178, no. 5, pp. 3116–3125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>52. Wang Z.M., Li X., Cocklin R.R., Wang M., Wang M., Fukase K., Inamura S., Kusumoto S., Gupta D., Dziarski R. Human peptidoglycan recognition protein-L is an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, vol. 278, no. 49, pp. 49044– 49052.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>53. Weber A.N., Tauszig-Delamasure S., Hoffmann J.A., Lelièvre E., Gascan H., Ray K.P., Morse M.A., Imler J.L., Gay N.J. Binding of the Drosophila cytokine Spätzle to Toll is direct and establishes signaling. Nat. Immunol., 2003, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 794–800.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>54. Werner T., Borge-Renberg K., Mellroth P., Steiner H., Hultmark D. Functional diversity of the Drosophila PGRP-LC gene cluster in the response to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, vol. 278, no. 29, pp. 26319–26322.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>55. Werner T., Liu G., Kang D., Ekengren S., Steiner H., Hultmark D. A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, vol. 97, no. 25, pp. 13772–13777.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>56. Yano T., Mita S., Ohmori H., Oshima Y., Fujimoto Y., Ueda R., Takada H., Goldman W.E., Fukase K., Silverman N., Yoshimori T., Kurata S. Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune recognition in drosophila. Nat. Immunol., 2008, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 908–916.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>57. Yoshida H., Kinoshita K., Ashida M. Purification of a peptidoglycan recognition protein from hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, vol. 271, no. 23, pp. 13854–13860.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>58. Zenhom M., Hyder A., Kraus-Stojanowic I., Auinger A., Roeder T., Schrezenmeir J. PPARγ-dependent peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PGlyRP3) expression regulates proinflammatory cytokines by microbial and dietary fatty acids. Immunobiology, 2011, vol. 216, no. 6, pp. 715–724.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
