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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1220</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-GDO-1220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic determinants of virulence and drug resistance of <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>hominissuis</italic> — a causative agent of mycobacteriosis in humans</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетические детерминанты вирулентности и лекарственной устойчивости <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>hominissuis</italic> — возбудителя микобактериоза человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starkova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старкова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Starkova D.A., PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St.PPI.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старкова Дарья Андреевна - кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики.</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14, Тел.: 8 (812) 233-21-49 (служебн.); 8 921 424-63-37 (моб.)</p></bio><email>dariastarkova13@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Narvskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарвская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Narvskaya O.V., PhD, МD (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St.PPI; Scientific Advisor, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нарвская Ольга Викторовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики, ФБУН НИИ ЭМ им. Пастера; научный консультант Санкт-Петербургский НИИ фтизиопульмонологии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>onarvskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Санкт-Петербургский НИИ фтизиопульмонологии Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-06-10"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Starkova D.A., Narvskaya O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Старкова Д.А., Нарвская О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Starkova D.A., Narvskaya O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Старкова Д.А., Нарвская О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1220">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1220</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Among the members of the large group of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (comprising more than 180 species), M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is the most significant causative agent of pulmonary infection in immunocompetent individuals as well as disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts, e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Due to increased incidence rate of mycobacteriosis, especially in HIV infection, much still need to be learnt about the MAH genetic control and virulence mechanisms. Deciphering the genome contents of the M. avium strain 104 (isolated from an AIDS patient with disseminated MAH disease) allowed to compare genome sequences of M. avium strains to gain insights into genomic diversity associated with variable hosts and environments. Comparative genome analysis of MAH strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and disseminated forms of mycobacteri-osis revealed differences in the structure of the genome, affecting the key virulence genes. This review provides current data on the genetic determinants of MAH virulence associated with the initial phase of infection. Several mycobacterial virulence-associated gene families, such as mce (mammalian cell entry), mmp (mycobacterial membrane proteins), pe/ppe and esx expressed by MAH during human infection are thought to be crucial for adhesion, entry, survival, and reproduction inside host macrophages. The genetic mechanisms of MAH survival in human macrophage cell culture as well as mice exposed to toxic effects of reactive oxygen, nitric oxide, bactericidal proteins (cathelicidin) are discussed. The MAH survival in the latency-like state is important for pathogen dissemination. Some genetic and phenotypic features of MAH (absence of a cord factor, presence of plasmids, potential to “switch” morphological types of colonies) are compared with M. tuberculosis. In addition, we summarized current state of MAH drug discovery, a role of MAH intrinsic multidrug resistance, genetic control, as well as mechanisms underlying formation of resistance to various groups of antibiotics in MAH strains.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Среди представителей большой группы нетуберкулезных микобактерий (более 180 видов), Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (МАН) обладает наибольшей вирулентностью и является одним из основных возбудителей микобактериоза легких у иммунокомпетентных лиц и диссеминированной формы инфекции у ВИЧ-инфицированных. В связи с ростом заболеваемости микобактериозом, особенно в условиях распространения ВИЧ-инфекции, приобретают актуальность исследования генетического контроля и механизмов вирулентности М. avium. Благодаря полной расшифровке нуклеотидной последовательности генома М. avium 104 стало возможным его использование в качестве референсного штамма при сравнении с другими геномами. Так, сравнительный анализ штаммов МАН, выделенных от больных легочной и диссеминированной формами микобактериоза, продемонстрировал различия в структуре генома, затрагивающие ключевые гены вирулентности. В обзоре представлены современные данные о генетических детерминантах вирулентности МАН, ассоциированных с начальной фазой инфицирования. Подробно рассмотрены семейства генов mce (mammalian cell entry), mmp (mycobacterial membrane proteins), pe/ppe и esx, обеспечивающих выживание МАН в клетках организма-хозяина с момента адгезии и проникновения в макрофаги. Приведены механизмы генетического контроля выживаемости М. avium в культуре макрофагов человека in vitro и в организме мышей in vivo в условиях токсического влияния активных форм кислорода, оксида азота, бактерицидных белков. Сохраняясь в латентном состоянии, МАН способны вызывать бактериемию и вторичное поражение органов и тканей. Бактерии МАН, связываясь с эпителиальными клетками, образуют микроагрегаты, что способствует инвазии в слизистую оболочку дыхательных путей или желудочно-кишечного тракта, обеспечивая персистенцию в организме хозяина. Рассмотрены известные на данный момент генетические детерминанты, ответственные за формирование микроагрегатов и биопленок. Отмечены генетические и фенотипические особенности МАН (отсутствие корд-фактора, наличие плазмид, способность к «переключению» морфологических типов колоний) по сравнению с M. tuberculosis. Подчеркнута роль природной резистентности М. avium к большинству противотуберкулезных и других антибактериальных препаратов, обычно не применяющихся для лечения туберкулеза. Известно, что кларитромицин, азитромицин, рифабутин, этамбутол, амикацин и фторхинолоны малоэффективны при раздельном применении, поэтому лечение микобактериоза требует использования комбинации из нескольких препаратов, хирургического вмешательства или сочетания обоих методов. Обсуждаются генетический контроль и механизмы формирования устойчивости штаммов МАН к вышеперечисленным антибиотикам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis</kwd><kwd>mycobacteriosis</kwd><kwd>non-tuberculous mycobacteria</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>virulence genes</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>genetic control of virulence</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>pathogenicity</kwd><kwd>mce</kwd><kwd>esx</kwd><kwd>mmp</kwd><kwd>pe/ppe</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>слово1 Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis</kwd><kwd>слово2 микобактериоз</kwd><kwd>слово3 нетуберкулезные микобактрии</kwd><kwd>слово4 вирулентность</kwd><kwd>слово5 гены вирулентности</kwd><kwd>слово6 макрофаги</kwd><kwd>слово7 генетический контроль вирулентности</kwd><kwd>слово8 лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>слово9 патогенность</kwd><kwd>слово10 mce</kwd><kwd>слово11 pe/ppe</kwd><kwd>слово12 esx</kwd><kwd>слово13 mmp.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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