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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">12111</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-PFA-12111</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Perspectives for applying Alphaviruses in antitumor therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы использования альфавирусов в противоопухолевой терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8733-3345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Alina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Алина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории клещевых энцефалитов и других вирусных энцефалитов</p></bio><email>nazarenko_as@chumakovs.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5804-4001</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36028326200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-8577-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7940-9531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Biryukova</surname><given-names>Yulia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук , старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клещевых энцефалитов и других вирусных энцефалитов</p></bio><email>biriukova-ula@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolyasnikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колясникова</surname><given-names>Надежда Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Head of Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук , ведущий научный сотрудник, зав. лабораторией клещевых энцефалитов и других вирусных энцефалитов</p></bio><email>kolyasnikova_nm@chumakovs.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorovich</surname><given-names>Mikhail F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ворович</surname><given-names>Михаил Фридрихович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development, Associate Professor, Department of Organization and Research of Immunobiological Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клещевых энцефалитов и других вирусных энцефалитов, доцент кафедры организации и технологии производства иммунобиологических препаратов Института трансляционной медицины и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>vorovich_mf@chumakovs.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pestov</surname><given-names>Nikolai B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пестов</surname><given-names>Николай Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клещевых энцефалитов и других вирусных энцефалитов</p></bio><email>pestov_nb@chumakovs.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195034442</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2971-8228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishmukhametov</surname><given-names>Aidar A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ишмухаметов</surname><given-names>Айдар Айратович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>RAS Full Member, DSc (Medicine), Professor, General Director, Head of the Department of Organization and Research of Immunobiological Technologies</p>
<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, генеральный директор, руководитель кафедры организации и технологии иммунобиологических препаратов</p></bio><email>ishmukhametov@chumakovs.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Drugs of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАНУ Федеральный научный центр исследований и разработки иммунобиологических препаратов имени М.П. Чумакова РАН (Институт полиомиелита)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-09-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>627</fpage><lpage>641</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-26"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-28"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Nazarenko A.S., Biryukova Y.K., Kolyasnikova N.M., Vorovich M.F., Pestov N.B., Ishmukhametov A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Назаренко А.С., Бирюкова Ю.К., Колясникова Н.М., Ворович М.Ф., Пестов Н.Б., Ишмухаметов А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nazarenko A.S., Biryukova Y.K., Kolyasnikova N.M., Vorovich M.F., Pestov N.B., Ishmukhametov A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Назаренко А.С., Бирюкова Ю.К., Колясникова Н.М., Ворович М.Ф., Пестов Н.Б., Ишмухаметов А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/12111">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/12111</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising approach for treating tumors. Oncolytic viruses can directly lyse tumor cells and indirectly activate antitumor immunity. Alphaviruses, as oncolytic viruses, are particularly promising agents because they can selectively infect and lyse tumor cells, modulate microtumor environment, elicit immune-mediated lysis of tumor cells, and serve as a platform for transgene delivery. To ensure safety, attenuated strains of Alphaviruses are typically used for genetic engineering, and immunogenic tumor-associated antigens or cytokines are commonly chosen as transgenes. Studies evaluating both in vitro and in vivo oncolytic and immunomodulatory effects of Alphaviruses and vectors based on them have been growing exponentially. Animal models of various tumor types were used to examine the effectiveness of Alphaviruses, including Sindbis, Semliki Forest virus, Geta (strain M1), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and vectors based on them. Additionally, Alphaviruses revealed enhanced antitumor activity while used in combination therapies with other oncolytic viruses. Alphavirus-like replicon particles based on attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus may serve for transgene delivery to express heterologous proteins at high levels, and induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. An alphaviral vector-based vaccine, encoding the HER2 extracellular and transmembrane domains, has demonstrated safety and efficacy in preclinical mouse models, as well as in phase I clinical trials for advanced breast cancer patients with HER2 overexpression. This vaccine is known to be safe, effective, and capable of inducing T-cell immunity. In this review, we discuss the current progress in preclinical and clinical investigations, as well as the future potential of Alphaviruses for oncolytic virotherapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Онколитическая вирусная терапия признана многообещающим терапевтическим подходом к лечению опухолей. Онколитические вирусы способны оказывать как прямое лизирующее действие на опухолевые клетки, так и опосредованное — через активацию противоопухолевого иммунитета. Альфавирусы в качестве онколитических вирусов могут быть весьма перспективными из-за низкой патогенности некоторых из них, способности селективно заражать и лизировать опухолевые клетки, ремодулировать микроопухолевое окружение, вызывать иммуноопосредованный лизис опухолевых клеток. Кроме того, альфавирусы могут выступать удобной платформой для доставки трансгенов. С целью повышения безопасности при использовании методов генной инженерии в качестве основы, как правило, выбираются аттенуированные штаммы альфавирусов, которые не являются патогенными, а в качестве трансгенов чаще всего применяются опухоль-ассоциированные антигены или антигены, которые сами по себе являются иммуногенными, такие как цитокины и другие иммуностимулирующие молекулы. На сегодняшний день количество исследований по оценке онколитических и иммуномодулирующих эффектов альфавирусов и векторов на их основе как in vitro, так и in vivo растет в геометрической прогрессии. На данный момент онколитическую и иммуномодулирующую активность альфавирусов Синдбис, леса Семлики, Гета (штамм М1), венесуэльского энцефаломиелита лошадей и векторов на их основе изучали на животных моделях меланомы, глиомы, остеоcаркомы, рака молочной железы, аденокарциномы легких, карциномы предстательной железы и других типах опухолей. Усиленную противоопухолевую активность альфавирусы демонстрируют в комбинированной терапии с другими онколитическими вирусами, цитостатиками, а также блокаторами иммунных контрольных точек. Среди вирусных векторов альфавирусоподобные репликоновые частицы, основанные на аттенуированном вирусе венесуэльского энцефаломиелита лошадей, особенно привлекательны благодаря высокой экспрессии гетерологичных белков, а также индукции гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа. Вакцина на основе такого альфавирусного вектора, кодирующего внеклеточный и трансмембранный домены HER2, уже показала безопасность и противоопухолевую эффективность на доклинических мышиных моделях и в первой фазе клинических исследований у пациентов с прогрессирующим раком молочной железы со сверхэкспрессией HER2. Было продемонстрировано, что вакцина безопасна, эффективна и успешно индуцирует Т-клеточный иммунитет. В данном обзоре мы обсуждаем результаты доклинических и клинических исследований, а также перспективы использования альфавирусов в онколитической виротерапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oncolytic viruses</kwd><kwd>Alphaviruses</kwd><kwd>virotherapy</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>viral vector</kwd><kwd>recombinant virus</kwd><kwd>cancer immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онколитические вирусы</kwd><kwd>альфавирусы</kwd><kwd>виротерапия</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>вирусный вектор</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный вирус</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия рака</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alberts P., Tilgase A., Rasa A., Bandere K., Venskus D. The advent of oncolytic virotherapy in oncology: The Rigvir® story. Eur. J. 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