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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1171</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/10.15789/2220-7619-ASM-1171</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance mechanisms and phylogenetic structure of S. Typhi isolated in 2005-2018 in the Russian Federation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Чувствительность к антибиотикам, механизмы резистентности и филогенетическая структура популяции S.Typhi, выделенных в 2005-2018 гг. в Российской Федерации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-0234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egorova Svetlana Alexanrovna - PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Enteric Infections.</p><p>St. Petersburg, SPIN 4000-4122</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Егорова Светлана Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории кишечных инфекций.</p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, 14, Тел.: 8 (812) 232-48-83, Факс: 8 (812) 232-92-17, SPIN-код 4000-4122</bio><email>egorova72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-7900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kuleshov Konstantin V. - PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Enteric Diseases Epidemiology and Molecular Diagnostic.</p><p>Moscow, SPIN: 7404-4080  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Кулешов Константин Валерьевич - кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной диагностики и эпидемиологии кишечных инфекций.</p>Москва; SPIN-код 7404-4080 </bio><email>konstantinkul@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-1404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaftyreva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кафтырева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kaftyreva Lidiia A. - PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Enteric Infections, St. PPI.</p><p>St. Petersburg, SPIN: 6721-7873  </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафтырева Лидия Алексеевна - доктор медицинских наук, зав. лабораторией кишечных инфекций ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера; профессор кафедры медицинской микробиологии ВО СЗГМУ им. И.И. Мечникова МЗ РФ.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, SPIN-код 6721-7873</p></bio><email>kaflidia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveeva</surname><given-names>Zoya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеева</surname><given-names>З. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Matveeva Zoya N. - PhD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Enteric Infections.</p><p>St. Petersburg, SPIN: 5094-5749</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матвеева Зоя Николаевна - кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории кишечных инфекций.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p>SPIN-код 5094-5749</p></bio><email>egorova72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal budget institute of science "Central research institute for epidemiology" Federal service for surveillance consumers' rights protection and human well-being.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии  Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western state medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СЗГМУ им. И.И.Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Egorova S.A., Kuleshov K.V., Kaftyreva L.A., Matveeva Z.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Егорова С.А., Кулешов К.В., Кафтырева Л.А., Матвеева З.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egorova S.A., Kuleshov K.V., Kaftyreva L.A., Matveeva Z.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егорова С.А., Кулешов К.В., Кафтырева Л.А., Матвеева З.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1171">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1171</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Here we present current global epidemiological and microbiological trends for typhoid fever, as well as describe antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of S. Typhi. The data on examining 299 S. Typhi isolates collected in 2005—2018 in the Russian Federation were analyzed from the Russian S. Typhi Reference Center. It was found that S. Typhi population consisted of the isolates with different resistance phenotypes and mechanisms as well as genetic heterogeneity. Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility was detected in as low as 10.4% S. Typhi strains, whereas 89.6% isolates showed fluoroquinolone resistance (including 7.3% high-level resistance) and 3.0% — multidrug resistance to am-picillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones. All strains preserved susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and azithromycin. Fluoroquinolone low-level resistance in S. Typhi was due to single nucleotide substitutions in the gyrA: Asp87Asn (78.7%) Ser83Tyr (5.0%) and Ser83Phe (3.2%). In addition, a plasmid-mediated low-level fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrS) was found in one isolate. In contrast, a fluoroquinolone high-level resistance in S. Typhi was due to accumulation of three single nucleotide substitutions in the genes gyrA (Asp87Asn+Ser83Phe) andparC (Ser80Ile). In multidrug resistant S. Typhi isolates, pHCMl plasmids of incompatibility group IncHI1B(R27) (consisted of bla<sub>TEM.1</sub>, catA1, dfrA7 and tetB) and single nucleotide substitutions Ser83Tyr or Asp87Asn in gene gyrA were detected. The data of phylogenetic reconstruction based on the analysis of core singlenucleotide variations among examined and previously sequenced S. Typhi genomes, demonstrated that more than 80.0% of S. Typhi isolated in Russia were referred to the Asian genotype as they belonged to subclade 4.3.1 (by Wong et al.) or dominant H58 clade (H58 haplotype by Roumagnac et al.). More than 60.0% isolates in this dominant phylogenetic group possessed a fluoroquinolone low-level resistance due to gyrA Asp87Asn. Less than 20.0% of S. Typhi strains isolated in Russia phylogenetically belonged to the subclades other than 4.3.1 (non-H58) and differed from the major S. Typhi population by lacked antibiotic resistance or exerted fluoroquinolone resistance due to gyrA Ser83Phe. The study data allowed to expand our understanding on genetic diversity in S. Typhi strains isolated recently and pinpoint features of phylogenetic structure for S. Typhi population in the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлены современные глобальные эпидемиологические и микробиологические тенденции брюшного тифа, описаны чувствительность и механизмы резистентности к антибиотикам. Приведены результаты исследования 299 штаммов S. Typhi, выделенных в 2005—2018 гг. в Российской Федерации, из коллекции российского референс-центра по мониторингу возбудителя брюшного тифа. Популяция штаммов S. Typhi, характеризовалась различными фенотипами и механизмами резистентности к антибиотикам и генетической неоднородностью. Чувствительными к антибиотикам были 10,4% штаммов, 89,6% штаммов характеризовались устойчивостью к фторхинолонам (7,3% штаммов — устойчивостью высокого уровня), 3,0% — множественной устойчивостью к ампициллину, хлорамфениколу, триметоприм/сульфаметоксазолу, тетрациклину и фторхинолонам. Все штаммы сохраняли чувствительность к цефалоспоринам расширенного спектра и азитромицину. Устойчивость низкого уровня к фторхинолонам у штаммов S. Typhi обусловлена однонуклеотидными заменами в гене gyrA: Asp87Asn (78,7%), Ser83Tyr (5,0%) и Ser83Phe (3,2%). У одного штамма выявлена плазмидоопосредованная устойчивость низкого уровня к фторхинолонам (ген qnrS). Устойчивость высокого уровня к фторхинолонам обусловлена сочетанием трех однонуклеотидных замен: в гене gyrA (Asp87Asn+Ser83Phe) и parC (Ser80Ile). У штаммов с множественной устойчивостью выявлены плазмиды pHCMl группы несовместимости IncHI1B(R27), которые включали гены bla<sub>TEM</sub><sub>-1</sub>, catA1, dfrA7 и tetB, и однонуклеотидные замены Ser83Tyr и Asp87Asn в гене gyrA. По результатам филогенетической реконструкции, проведенной на основе анализа коровых однонуклеотидных вариаций среди исследуемых и ранее секвени-рованных геномов S. Typhi из разных регионов мира (порядка 1700 штаммов), показано, что более 80,0% российских штаммов относились к азиатскому генотипу, поскольку принадлежали к филогенетической линии гаплотипа Н58 (Roumagnac et al.) или субкладе 4.3.1 (Wong et al.). Более, чем 60,0% штаммов этого генотипа были идентичны по фенотипу и механизму резистентности: устойчивость низкого уровня к фторхинолонам, обусловленная мутацией gyrA Asp87Asn. Менее 20,0% исследуемых штаммов филогенетически относились к другим субкладам (не 4.3.1) и отличались от основной популяции возбудителя брюшного тифа отсутствием резистентности к антибиотикам, либо имели резистентность к хинолонам, обусловленную однонуклеотидной заменой gyrA Ser83Phe. Результаты исследования позволили расширить представление о генетическом разнообразии штаммов S. Typhi, выделенных за последние годы на территории РФ, и определить особенности популяционной структуры возбудителя брюшного тифа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>typhoid fever</kwd><kwd>S. Typhi</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial resistance</kwd><kwd>SNV</kwd><kwd>fluoroquinolones</kwd><kwd>nucleotide substitutions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>брюшной тиф</kwd><kwd>S. 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