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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1151</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-SIC-1151</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Salmonella-induced changes in the level of key immunoregulatory bacteria affect the transcriptional activity of the <italic>Foxp3</italic> and <italic>RORgt</italic> genes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of rats</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сальмонелла-индуцированные изменения уровня ключевых иммунорегуляторных бактерий влияют на транскрипционную активность генов <italic>Foxp3</italic> и <italic>RORgt</italic> в кишечноассоциированной лимфоидной ткани крыс</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-3798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliia V. Bukina - Assistant Professor, Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department.</p><p>69035, Ukraina, Zaporozhye, pr. Majakovskogo, 26, Phone: +38 096 400-46-26; +38 095 512-09-29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Букина Юлия Вячеславовна - ассистент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии.</p><p>69035, Запорожье, пр. Маяковского, 26, Тел.: +38 096 400-46-26; +38 095 512-09-29</p></bio><email>lingvus25@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedoniuk</surname><given-names>L. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федонюк</surname><given-names>Л. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of Medical Biology Department.</p>Ternopil</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедры медицинской биологии.</p><p>Тернополь</p></bio><email>Fedonyuk22Larisa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koval</surname><given-names>G. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваль</surname><given-names>Г. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology Department.</p><p>Chernovtsy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры клинической иммунологии, аллергологии и эндокринологии.</p><p>Черновцы</p></bio><email>koval.halyna@bsmu.edu.ua</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-6627</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shekhovtsova</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеховцова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology.</p><p>Kharkiv</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры внутренней медицины и эндоскопии.</p>Харьков</bio><email>agagroup@ukr.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyshnyi</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камышный</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department.</p><p>Zaporozhye</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии.</p><p>Запорожье</p></bio><email>alexkamyshnyi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubar</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губарь</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Urology Department.</p><p>Zaporozhye</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры урологии.</p><p>Запорожье</p></bio><email>gubar1405@ukr.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubka</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губка</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UA">Ukraine</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor of Hospital Surgery Department.</p><p>Zaporozhye</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры госпитальной хирургии.</p><p>Запорожье</p></bio><email>gubka@zsmu.zp.ua</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Zaporozhye State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Запорожский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ternopil State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тернопольский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bukovinian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Буковинский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kharkiv National Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Харьковский национальный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>671</fpage><lpage>685</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-02-18"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Bukina Y.V., Fedoniuk L.Y., Koval G.D., Shekhovtsova Y.O., Kamyshnyi A.M., Gubar A.O., Gubka V.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Букина Ю.В., Федонюк Л.Я., Коваль Г.Д., Шеховцова Ю.А., Камышный А.М., Губарь А.А., Губка В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bukina Y.V., Fedoniuk L.Y., Koval G.D., Shekhovtsova Y.O., Kamyshnyi A.M., Gubar A.O., Gubka V.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Букина Ю.В., Федонюк Л.Я., Коваль Г.Д., Шеховцова Ю.А., Камышный А.М., Губарь А.А., Губка В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1151">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1151</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Intestinal microbes involved in many physiological processes owner, contributes to the formation and maintenance of immune homeostasis by regulating immune responses to protect against colonization by pathogens. A special role in the differentiation of various subpopulations of T-lymphocytes play the segmental filamentous bacteria (Segmented filamentous bacteria, SFB), capable of inducing a gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) differentiation proinflammatory Th17-cells and members of the genus Clostridium (cluster IV and XIVa) and Bacteroides fragilis (polysaccharide A [PSA]), stimulating the formation of regulatory T-cells (Treg) and production of suppressor of cytokine IL-10. Important metabolites of B. fragilis are short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are able to activate GALT cells through the FFAR2 receptor. Lowering of the SCFA concentration leads to the reduction of the number of Treg in the intestine and breaks Th17/Treg balance. These changes lead to direct reducing of mRNA FFAR2, Foxp3 expression and increasing in RORyt GALT. Therefore, the goal was to determine the level of the key in the edge immunoregulatory bacteria intestinal microflora rats and their effects on the transcriptional activity of the genes Foxp3 and RORyt in GALT with Salmonella-induced inflammation and during administration of vancomycin and B. fragilis. To determine the genus and species of bacteria, as well as their number in the microflora of rats, was used the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RV) with their identification by 16S rDNA genes. To study the transcriptional activity of genes using polymerase chain reaction reverse transcription real-time (RT-PCR). During the experiment with the introduction of animals vancomycin and Salmonella there was an increase in the level of SFB and a decrease in A. muciniphila, F. prausnitzii. Also, during infecting rats with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium on the background of pre-treatment with vancomycin, there was an increase in the number of SFBs against the background of a pronounced decrease in Bacteroides—Prevotela group, A. muciniphila, Clostridium spp. clusters XIV, IV, and F. prausnitzii, which led to a decrease in the expression level of Foxp3<sup>+</sup> mRNA and an increase in RORyt<sup>+</sup>, respectively. However, administration of B. fragilis to animals receiving S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium against pretreatment with vancomycin caused a decrease in the level of SFB and mRNA RORyt<sup>+</sup>, and, conversely, increased the number of Bacteroides—Prevotela group, A. muciniphila, Clostridium spp. clusters XIV, IV, F. prausnitzii and expression of Foxp3<sup>+</sup> genes, which indicates the restoration of the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiome. The obtained results showed that B. fragilis can be successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases or diseases with impaired intestinal barrier function.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Кишечный микробиом участвует во многих физиологических процессах хозяина, способствует формированию и поддержанию иммунного гомеостаза за счет регулировки иммунных реакций, направленных на защиту от колонизации патогенами. Особую роль в дифференцировке различных субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов играют сегментарные нитевидные бактерии (Segmented filamentous bacteria, SFB), способные индуцировать в кишечно-ассоциированной лимфоидной ткани (КАЛТ) дифференцировку провоспалительных Thn-клеток, а представители рода Clostridium (cluster IV и XIVa) и Bacteroides fragilis (полисахарид A [PSA]) стимулируют образование Т-регуляторных клеток (Treg) и продукцию супрессорного цитокина IL-10. Важными метаболитами B. fragilis являются короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты (КЦЖК), которые способны активировать клетки КАЛТ через рецептор FFAR2. Уменьшение концентрации КЦЖК снижает численность Treg в кишечнике и нарушает баланс Th17/Treg. Эти изменения напрямую ведут к снижению уровня мРНК FFAR2, Foxp3 и повышению экспрессии RORyt в КАЛТ. Поэтому целью работы было определить уровень ключевых иммунорегуляторных бактерий в пристеночной микрофлоре кишечника крыс и его влияние на транскрипционную активность генов Foxp3 и RORyt в КАЛТ при сальмонелла-индуцированном воспалении и на фоне введения ванкомицина и B. fragilis. Для определения родовой и видовой принадлежности бактерий, а также их количества в микрофлоре крыс применяли метод полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР-РВ) с идентификацией их по генам 16S rDNA. Для изучения транскрипционной активности генов использовали метод полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией в режиме реального времени (ОТ-ПЛР). В ходе эксперимента при введении животным ванкомицина и сальмонелл наблюдалось увеличение уровня SFB и уменьшение A. muciniphila, F.prausnitzii. Также при инфицировании крыс S. Enteritidis и S. Typhimurium на фоне предобработки ванкомицином отмечалось возрастание численности SFB на фоне выраженного уменьшения Bacteroides— Prevotela group, A. muciniphila, Clostridium spp. кластеров XIV, IV и F. prausnitzii, что приводило к уменьшению уровня экспрессии мРНК генов Foxp3<sup>+</sup> и увеличению RORyt<sup>+</sup> соответственно. Однако введение B. fragilis животным, получавшим S. Enteritidis или S. Typhimurium на фоне предобработки ванкомицином, обуславливало уменьшение уровня SFB и мРНК RORyt<sup>+</sup> и, наоборот, увеличивало численность Bacteroides—Prevotela group, A. muciniphila, Clostridium spp. кластеров XIV, IV, F. prausnitzii и экспрессию генов Foxp3<sup>+</sup>, что свидетельствует о восстановлении гомеостаза кишечного микробиома. Полученные результаты показали, что B. fragilis может с успехом применяться при лечении воспалительных заболеваний кишечника или заболеваний с нарушением барьерной функции кишечника.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>gut-associated lymphoid tissue</kwd><kwd>Salmonella</kwd><kwd>Vancomycin</kwd><kwd>Bacteroides</kwd><kwd>expression</kwd><kwd>RT-PCR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>кишечно-ассоциированная лимфоидная ткань</kwd><kwd>сальмонелла</kwd><kwd>ванкомицин</kwd><kwd>бактероиды</kwd><kwd>экспрессия</kwd><kwd>ПЦР-РВ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Букина Ю.В., Камышный А.М., Полищук Н.Н., Топол И.А. Сальмонелла-индуцированные изменения кишечной микробиоты и транскриптома генов иммунного ответа на фоне введения ванкомицина и Bacteroides fragilis // Патолопя. 2017. Т. 14, № 1 (39). 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