<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекция и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-7619</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-7398</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">SPb RAACI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1143</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15789/2220-7619-2019-5-6-665-670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Isolation of <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> from mouflon in Bulgaria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выделение <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> из муфлона в Болгарии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savova</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савова</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, PhD (Veterinary Medicine), Head of National Reference Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis</p><p>Sofia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент, к.в.м.н., зав. Национальной референс-лабораторией по туберкулезу животных</p><p>София</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, PhD (Veterinary Medicine), Head of the National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax and Rabies in Animals, Department of Pathomorphology</p><p>Sofia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>главный ассистент, к.в.м.н., зав. Национальной референс-лабораторией по сибирской язве и бешенству у животных, кафедра патоморфологии</p>София</bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valcheva</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вылчева</surname><given-names>В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Violeta Valcheva, Assistant Professor, PhD (Biology), Department of Infectious Microbiology, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Bacterial Virulence</p><p>26, Acad. Georgi Bonchev str., Sofia 1113</p><p>Phone:+3592 979-31-57</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виолета Вылчева, главный ассистент, к.б.н., отдел инфекционной микробиологии, лаборатория зоонозов и бактериальной вирулентности</p><p>26, ул. Aкад. Георги Бончев, София 1113</p><p>Тел.: +3592 979-31-57</p></bio><email>violeta_valcheva@mail.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bonovska</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боновска</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Magdalena Bonovska, Professor, PhD (Veterinary Medicine), Department of Infectious Microbiology, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Bacterial Virulence</p><p>26, Acad. Georgi Bonchev str., Sofia 1113</p><p>Phone:+3592 979-31-57</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магдалена Боновска, профессор, к.в.м.н., отдел инфекционной микробиологии, лаборатория зоонозов и бактериальной вирулентности</p><p>26, ул. Aкад. Георги Бончев, София 1113</p><p>Тел.: +3592 979-31-57</p></bio><email>m_bonovska@abv.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Najdenski</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Найденски</surname><given-names>Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BG">Bulgaria</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member, Professor, DS (Veterinary Medicine), Director, Head of Department of Infectious Microbiology and Laboratory of Zoonosis and Bacterial Virulence</p><p>Sofia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент, профессор, д.в.м.н., директор Института микробиологии им. Стефана Ангелова, зав. отделом инфекционной микробиологии и лабораторией зоонозов и бактериальной вирулентности</p><p>София</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный диагностический и научно-исследовательский ветеринарный медицинский институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт микробиологии им. Стефана Ангелова, Болгарская академия наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>5-6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>665</fpage><lpage>670</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Savova T., Petrova R., Valcheva V., Bonovska M., Najdenski H.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Савова Т., Петрова Р., Вылчева В., Боновска М., Найденски Х.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savova T., Petrova R., Valcheva V., Bonovska M., Najdenski H.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Савова Т., Петрова Р., Вылчева В., Боновска М., Найденски Х.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1143">https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1143</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis (John’s disease) mainly in large and small domestic and wild ruminants, and suspected causative agent in human Crohn’s disease. In Bulgaria, paratuberculosis is still poorly researched in both groups of ruminants. We present results of the first in-depth study of mouflon, grown free in one hunting reserve in the Western region of the country. The aim was to prove the presence of MAP in diagnostic materials from regularly hunted or dead mouflon suspected for paratuberculosis. Small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from 12 hunted and 4 dead mouflon and 10 faecal samples (Fc) were studied in the period of 2009–2013. Typical for paratuberculosis pathomorphological lesions were observed in four mouflon (of 16 examined). The intestinal wall was thickened, strongly folded and soft, with severe hyperemia. The MLN were enlarged, soft, with marbled appearance. The affected section of the ileum showed hyperplasia of the mucous corion and submucosa with diffuse infiltration of epithelioid cells. Lymphadenopathy with atrophy of T and B lymphocytes areas was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. For bacteriological isolation of MAP, the tissue and faecal samples were decontaminated with NALC-NaOH, cultured in Middlebrook 7H9 Broth and on Herrold’s medium. The Ziehl–Neelsen stained smears and isolates were examined microscopically for acid-fast bacteria. Presence of MAP was observed in tissue samples of 4 (25%) mouflon and in 2 (20%) faecal samples. The same samples were confirmed by the IS900 PCR for the presence of specific for MAP fragments with a commercial amplification kit. The cases of paratuberculosis found at different times in the free-living mouflon in our study prove that the disease exists in Bulgaria and highlight the need for more serious control of the disease among wild and domestic ruminants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subsp. <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> (MAP) является этиологическим агентом паратуберкулеза (болезнь Джона), главным образом, у крупных и мелких домашних и диких жвачных животных и предполагаемым возбудителем болезни Крона у человека. В Болгарии паратуберкулез все еще плохо изучен в обеих группах жвачных животных. В данной работе представлены результаты первого углубленного исследования муфлонов, выращенных в охотничьем заповеднике в западном регионе страны. Целью исследования было доказать наличие MAP в диагностическом материале от муфлонов при подозрении на паратуберкулез. В период 2009–2013 гг. были исследованы образцы из тонкого кишечника и мезентериальных лимфатических узлов (МЛУ) 12 убитых во время охоты и 4 павших муфлонов и 10 образцов фекалий. Типичные патоморфологические поражения, характерные для паратуберкулеза, наблюдались у четырех муфлонов (из 16 обследованных). Стенка кишечника была толстой, сильно скрученной и мягкой, с выраженной гиперемией. МЛУ были увеличеными, мягкими, имели мраморный внешний вид. На пораженном участке подвздошной кишки наблюдались гиперплазия слизистой оболочки и диффузная инфильтрация эпителиоидными клетками подслизистой оболочки. В мезентериальных лимфатических узлах наблюдалась лимфаденопатия с атрофией в области Т- и В-лимфоцитов. Для бактериологического выделения MAP образцы тканей и фекалий дезактивировали NALC-NaOH, культивировали в бульоне Миддлбрук 7H9 и на плотной среде Херролда. Мазки, окрашенные по Цилю–Нильсену, и изоляты, исследовали под микроскопом на наличие кислотоустойчивых бактерий. Присутствие MAP наблюдалось в образцах ткани 4 (25%) муфлона и в 2 (20%) образцах фекалий. Присутствие MAP в тех же самых образцах было подтверждено с помощью ПЦР IS900 с коммерческим набором для амплификации специфического для MAP фрагмента. Случаи паратуберкулеза, обнаруженные в нашем исследовании в разное время у свободно живущих муфлонов, показывают, что MAP циркулирует в Болгарии и подчеркивают необходимость более строгого контроля заболеваемости паратуберкулезом среди диких и домашних жвачных животных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mouflon</kwd><kwd>paratuberculosis</kwd><kwd>pathomorphology</kwd><kwd>microbiology</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>муфлон</kwd><kwd>паратуберкулез</kwd><kwd>патоморфология</kwd><kwd>микробиология</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Ayele W.Y., Svastova P., Roubal P., Bartos M., Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultured from locally and commercially pasteurised cow’s milk in the Czech Republic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2005, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 1210–1214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Behr M.A., Collins D.M. Paratuberculosis: organism, disease, control. CAB International, Oxford U.K., 2010, 392 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Belchev D. Investigations on paratuberculosis on the cattle and sheep. PhD Thesis. Central Research Veterinary Medical Institute. Bulgaria: Sofia, 1977.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Collins D.M, Gabric D.M., de Lisle G.W. Identification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol., 1989, vol. 60, pp. 175–178.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Englund S., B ö lske G., Johansson K.E. An IS900 like sequence found in a Mycobacterium species other than Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol., 2002, vol. 209, pp. 267–271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Golan L., Livneh-Kol A., Gonen E., Yagel S., Rosenshine I., Shpigel N.Y. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis invades human small-intestinal goblet cells and elicits inflammation. J. Infect. Dis., 2009, vol. 199, no. 3, pp. 350–354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Hailat N.Q., Hananeh W., Metekia A.S., Stabel J.R., A-Majali A., Lafi. S. Pathology of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease) in Awassi sheep with reference to its occurrence in Jordan. Veterinarni Medicina, 2010, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 590–602.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Harris N.B., Barletta R.G. Mycobacterium avium subsp. рaratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. J. Dairy Sci., 1998, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 283–288.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Johne H.A., Frothingham L. Ein eigenthuemlicher Fall von Tuberkulose beim Rind. Deutsche Zeitschrift f ü r Tiermedicin und Pathologie, 1895, vol. 21, pp. 438–454.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Kaevska M., Lvoncik S., Lamka J., Pavlik I., Slana I. Spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Through Soil and Grass on a Mouflon (Ovis aries) Pasture. Curr. Microbiol., 2014, vol. 69, pp. 495–500.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Kalis C.H.J., Collins, M.T., Barkema, H.W., Hesselink, J.W. Certification of herds as free of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection: actual pooled faecal results versus certification model predictions. Prev. Vet. Med., 2004, vol. 65, pp. 189–204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Koev K., Dinev I., Atev I. Cases of paratuberculosis in cattle. Veterinarna Sbirka, 2015, no. 1–2, pp. 34–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Lillie R.D. Histopathologic technic and practical histochemistry. 3 rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Manning E.J.B. Paratuberculosis in captive and free-ranging wildlife. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 2011, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 621–630.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. McNees A.L., Markesich D., Zayyani N.R., Graham D.Y. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn’s disease. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2015, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1523–1534.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Naser S.A., Ghobrial G., Romero C., Valentine J.F. Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease. Lancet, 2004, vol. 364, pp. 1039–1044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Naser S.A., Schwartz D., Shafran I. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from breast milk of Crohn’s disease patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2000, vol. 95, pp. 1094–1095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), Terrestrial Manual, 2014. Chapter 2.1.11. Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Pribylova R., Slana I., Kaevska M., Lamka J., Babak V., Jandak J., Pavlik I. Soil and plant contamination with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after exposure to naturally contaminated mouflon feces. Curr. Microbiol., 2011, vol. 62, pp. 1405–1410.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Pribylova R., Slana I., Lamka J., Babak V., Hruska K., Pavlik I. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a moufon herd without clinical symptoms monitored using IS900 real-time PCR: a case report. Veterinarni Medicina, 2010, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 625–630.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Sartor R.B. Does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cause Crohn’s disease? Gut, 2005, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 896–898.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Savova T. New methods for diagnostics of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. PhD thesis. Bulgaria: Sofia, 2014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Slan á I., Lamka J., Přibylová -Dziedzinsk á R. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in mouflon muscle tissue. MASO Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 2, pp. 107–111.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Thorel M.F., Krichevsky M., Lévy-Frébault V.V. Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1990, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 254–260.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Vansnick E., de Rijk P., Vercammen F., Geysen D., Rigouts L., Portaels F. Newly developed primers for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, vol. 3, no. 100, pp. 197–204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Zarei Kordshouli F., Khodakaram Tafti A., Haghkhah M. Pathological, bacteriological, and molecular characteristics of natural outbreaks of Johne’s disease in goats of Fars Province, Iran. Int. J. Mycobacteriol., 2016, vol. 5, no 1, р. 202.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
